Week 12 Endocrine Problems: Hyperthyroidism

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Questions and Answers

Which condition is a common cause of hypopituitarism?

  • Cushing's syndrome
  • Primary adrenal insufficiency
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Sheehan’s syndrome (correct)

What is a typical symptom of a pituitary tumor?

  • Excessive weight gain
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Blurred vision (correct)
  • Increased appetite

What is the preferred form of testosterone replacement therapy for hypopituitarism management?

  • Oral testosterone
  • Transdermal patches
  • Testosterone gels (correct)
  • Intramuscular injections

Which of the following medications is used to stimulate dopamine receptors in treating pituitary disorders?

<p>Brimocriptine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of acromegaly?

<p>Enlargement of hands and feet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by significant water loss and high urine output due to deficiency of antidiuretic hormone?

<p>Diabetes insipidus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of hypopituitarism?

<p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred treatment option for managing hyperthyroidism?

<p>Radioactive iodine therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from untreated hyperthyroidism?

<p>Diplopia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common postoperative care measure after a transsphenoidal adenomectomy?

<p>Keep the head of bed elevated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to reduce T3 and T4 levels in patients with hyperthyroidism?

<p>Methimazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of partial thyroidectomy?

<p>Hypothyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of primary hypothyroidism?

<p>Hashimoto thyroiditis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism?

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious complication of untreated hypothyroidism?

<p>Myxedema coma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used in the treatment of hypothyroidism?

<p>Levothyroxine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones resulting in symptoms like tachycardia and heat intolerance?

<p>Graves Disease (A), Thyrotoxicosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark symptom of hyperthyroidism that can be visually identified?

<p>Exophthalmos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In primary hyperthyroidism, what triggers the overproduction of T3 and T4 hormones?

<p>Antibodies produced by the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for producing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Anterion pituitary gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of untreated hyperthyroidism that affects glucose levels?

<p>Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes secondary hyperthyroidism due to a pituitary tumor?

<p>Excess TSH secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom involves fluid accumulation and can cause bulging eyes in hyperthyroid patients?

<p>Exophthalmos (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the hypothalamus produce to regulate thyroid function?

<p>Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hyperthyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone (T3 and T4).

Thyrotoxicosis

A life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism characterized by extreme symptoms.

Graves' Disease

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disorder.

Exophthalmos

Bulging eyeballs, a symptom of hyperthyroidism.

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T3 and T4

Thyroid hormones that control metabolism and other bodily functions.

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Primary Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism originating from the thyroid gland itself, often from Graves' disease.

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TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid.

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Secondary Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism caused by a problem in the pituitary gland.

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Antithyroid Drugs

Medications used to reduce the production of T3 and T4, the thyroid hormones responsible for regulating metabolism.

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Radioactive Iodine Therapy

A treatment for hyperthyroidism where a patient ingests radioactive iodine, which selectively destroys overactive thyroid cells.

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Beta-Blockers

Drugs that block the effects of adrenaline and other hormones, used to manage hyperthyroidism symptoms like rapid heart rate and tremors.

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Partial Thyroidectomy

Surgical procedure where a portion of the thyroid gland is removed, often used to treat hyperthyroidism.

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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

The most common cause of hypothyroidism, an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the thyroid gland.

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Myxedema

A rare and severe form of hypothyroidism, characterized by swelling and thickening of skin and tissues.

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Myxedema Coma

A life-threatening complication of untreated hypothyroidism, marked by extremely low metabolic rate and organ dysfunction.

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Pituitary Dysfunction

A condition where the pituitary gland doesn't function properly. This can lead to either too much or too little hormone production.

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Causes of Hypopituitarism

Conditions that can lead to decreased function of the pituitary gland, resulting in hormone deficiency. Examples include tumors, anorexia, severe hypotension, and Sheehan's syndrome.

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Sheehan's Syndrome

A condition where the pituitary gland is damaged following postpartum hemorrhage, often leading to hypopituitarism.

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Acromegaly

A condition where the pituitary gland overproduces growth hormone in adults, leading to abnormal bone growth and enlargement of organs.

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Pituitary Adenoma

A non-cancerous tumor of the pituitary gland, often responsible for acromegaly due to excess growth hormone production.

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Transsphenoidal Adenomectomy

A surgical procedure to remove a tumor from the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus at the base of the skull.

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Diabetes Insipidus

A condition where the body can't regulate water balance due to a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urine production.

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Monitoring Neurological Response

Carefully observing a patient's neurological function, such as reflexes, sensation, and mental status, especially after surgery near the brain.

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Study Notes

Week 12 Endocrine Problems: Hyperthyroidism

  • Hyperthyroidism: Characterized by the overproduction and release of thyroid hormones (T3-triiodothyronine and T4-thyroxine). These hormones control metabolism, heart function, and digestion.
  • Thyrotoxicosis: A complication of hyperthyroidism, a thyroid storm.
  • Symptoms: Include tachycardia (heart rate over 200 bpm), hypertension (high blood pressure), heat intolerance, exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs), diarrhea, and fever.
  • Graves Disease: The most common form of hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disorder.
  • Treatment goals: To decrease shivering (due to increased body temperature) and insulin resistance, monitor glucose and electrolytes, observe for weight loss.

Overview of Thyroid Hormones

  • Hypothalamus: Produces thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH).
  • Anterior Pituitary Gland: Produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
  • Thyroid Gland: Produces T3-triiodothyronine and T4-thyroxine.
  • Hyperthyroidism: Occurs when too much T3 and T4 are produced.
  • Hypothyroidism: Occurs when too little T3 and T4 are produced.
  • Primary Hyperthyroidism: Causes include Grave's disease (antibody-induced).
  • Secondary Hyperthyroidism: Pituitary gland secretes excess TSH.
  • Tertiary Hyperthyroidism: Hypothalamus dysfunction.

Hyperthyroidism: Signs and Symptoms

  • Exophthalmos (Thyroid Eye Disease): Eyes bulge outward due to fluid buildup and fatty tissue in extraocular muscles. This can cause blurry vision, double vision, and light sensitivity.
  • Infections: Eyelids may exhibit lid lag, exposing the sclera (white part) of the eye.
  • Management: The issues can be stabilized, but permanent damage without treatment is possible.
  • Pharmacological Management: Drugs to reduce T3 and T4 production include propylthiouracil and methimazole (Tapazole).
  • Radioactive Iodine Therapy: A treatment to destroy overactive thyroid cells.
  • Beta-Blockers: May help with symptoms but have minimal impact on underlying conditions.

Hypothyroidism: Symptoms and Diagnosis

  • Decreased Metabolism: Affects various tissues and organs. Cholesterol levels often increase.
  • Hashimoto Thyroiditis: Most common type of primary hypothyroidism.
  • Myxedema: Rare, life-threatening condition, including thickened tongue, husky voice, edema around eyes/shoulders, and coma.
  • Goiter: Enlarged thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency.
  • Symptoms: Constipation, bradycardia (slow heart rate), weight gain, stunted growth.

Hypothyroidism: Causes and Management

  • Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Disorders of these glands can affect TSH production, thus affecting thyroid hormone production and function.
  • Malfunctioning Hormones: Causes include tumors, malnutrition, and other conditions.
  • Medical Treatment: Often involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy like levothyroxine.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

  • SIADH: Syndrome where antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released excessively, even with normal or low plasma osmolarity.
  • Cause: Trauma, tumors, or medications.
  • Symptoms: Water retention, leading to hyponatremia (low sodium).
  • Treatment: Restricting fluids, diuretics, and medications to control ADH production.

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