Week 1 & 2: Social Control and Punishment

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Questions and Answers

What is considered the most serious form of social control?

Corrections (correct)

Shunning

Scolding

Reward

Which statement best reflects Emile Durkheim's view on crime and punishment?

Punishment highlights societal rules and values. (correct)

Only severe punishment can lead to social harmony.

Crime is a sign of societal failure.

Crime should be completely eradicated for a healthy society.

Which of the following is NOT a listed form of social control?

Scolding

Expulsion

Community service (correct)

Ostracizing

In the context of corrections, which facility is typically used for individuals awaiting trial?

Jail Signup and view all the answers

What does federalism refer to in relation to the correctional system?

Power divided between national and state governments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for the importance of court-supervised actions for defendants in the community?

They ensure defendants perform certain acts under court oversight. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes decentralized probation from centralized probation?

Decentralized probation is administered by local jurisdictions, allowing for flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to a scenario where a defendant is sentenced but not required to serve time immediately?

Imposition of sentence suspended Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of shock incarceration?

To give offenders a brief, intense punishment to encourage compliance. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'recognizance' in relation to sentencing?

A commitment to appear in court when summoned. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Code of Hammurabi?

To outline punishments for various offenses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Lex Talionis?

An eye for an eye principle of retaliation Signup and view all the answers

Which penal system combined elements of a workhouse and a poorhouse?

House of Corrections Signup and view all the answers

What did Jeremy Bentham propose regarding prison management?

Utilitarian principles in prison discipline Signup and view all the answers

What principle did Cesare Beccaria emphasize in classical criminology?

Laws must be codified for citizens to understand them Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of rehabilitation in corrections?

Reforming the convicted through treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the 'indeterminate sentence'?

A flexible period based on behavior and treatment Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Pennsylvania (Separate) System of imprisonment?

Isolation is enforced with silence and hard labor Signup and view all the answers

What feature was specific to the New York (Auburn) System?

Sleeping in cells with congregate labor during the day Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment emphasizes protection against excessive bail and cruel punishments?

8th Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What does selective incapacitation aim to achieve?

Targeting individuals whose imprisonment will reduce crime Signup and view all the answers

What did the Lease System involve concerning incarcerated individuals?

Leasing inmates to contractors for labor Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the outcomes of the Reformatory Movement in the mid-1800s?

Growth of overcrowding and understaffing issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Presentence Investigation Report (PSI)?

To summarize the background of the convicted individual for sentencing purposes Signup and view all the answers

What defines the difference between probation and parole?

Probation occurs before imprisonment, while parole occurs after imprisonment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of standard conditions of probation?

To provide essential guidelines for all probationers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the principle of interchangeability in intermediate sanctions?

Different forms of sanctions can be regarded as equal despite their differences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the custodial model of incarceration?

Security, discipline, and order Signup and view all the answers

What role does risk assessment play in the probation process?

It indicates the likelihood of recidivism for each offender Signup and view all the answers

Which type of prison is designed to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence?

Maximum-security prison Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person on probation successfully completes their term?

They are released from all legal obligations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of evidence-based supervision?

To focus on high-risk individuals with tailored interventions Signup and view all the answers

Under which California statute do individuals earn 50% presentence credits?

PC 4019 Signup and view all the answers

What is one justification for granting parole?

Rehabilitation and reintegration into society Signup and view all the answers

What is a technical violation in the context of probation?

Non-compliance with specified rules of probation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of split sentencing?

A combination of jail time and a subsequent period of probation Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of the reintegration model?

Maintaining ties to family and community Signup and view all the answers

Which type of release requires completion of the prison term, minus good time credits?

Mandatory release Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'recidivism'?

The return of a convicted individual to criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What role does the warden play in a prison?

Chief executive of the institution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is described as 'punitive' during probation?

Fines imposed as part of the probation terms Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of 'evidence-based practice' emphasize in correctional methods?

Implementing strategies supported by research and effective outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a parole officer to revoke an individual's parole?

Committing a new crime or violating conditions of parole Signup and view all the answers

What may result from a new arrest while on probation?

The probation status is automatically revoked. Signup and view all the answers

What does parole primarily represent in terms of incarceration?

A conditional release under supervision Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of community correctional centers?

Support for recently released individuals through small group living Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'parens patriae' relate to in juvenile corrections?

The state as a guardian of those unable to protect themselves Signup and view all the answers

Which legal process removes a conviction from official records?

Expungement Signup and view all the answers

Incarcerated individuals' classification is a process used to determine what?

Types of custody and treatment options Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Title 42 USC Section 1983?

To impose civil liability for constitutional rights violations. Signup and view all the answers

What is required under the rational basis test established in Turner v Safley (1987)?

The regulation must advance a legitimate institutional goal in a rational manner. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Cooper v Pate (1964) case establish for state prisoners?

A remedy for constitutional violations under USC 1983. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hands Off policy refer to in the context of prisons?

Judicial noninterference in prison administration. Signup and view all the answers

What must be demonstrated under the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause according to Johnson v California (2005)?

Racial classifications are subject to strict scrutiny. Signup and view all the answers

What type of legal assistance does the Prison Litigation Reform Act specifically limit?

Frivolous filings in federal courts. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Writ of Habeas Corpus allow a court to examine?

The legality of a person's detention. Signup and view all the answers

In Bounds v Smith (1977), what was the key ruling concerning prison libraries?

Prisons must provide reasonable access to law libraries and legal assistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures?

4th Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 8th Amendment in the context of prison rights?

It protects against cruel and unusual punishment. Signup and view all the answers

What role does an ombudsman serve in the context of prison inmate grievances?

To investigate complaints against government officials and recommend corrective measures. Signup and view all the answers

What does procedural due process guarantee?

No government instrumentality will use procedures other than those prescribed by law. Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition can a judge grant a judicial reprieve according to the common law?

If the defendant behaves well during incarceration. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Johnson v Avery (1969) regarding inmates assisting each other legally?

Inmates are entitled to legal advice from fellow prisoners with security restrictions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social control compels adherence to social norms through various methods, including ostracization, rewards, reprimands, banishment, and corrections.
Corrections encompass programs, services, and facilities managing individuals accused or convicted of crimes.
Federalism divides power between national and state governments, involving both levels in corrections.
Jails house individuals awaiting trial or serving misdemeanor sentences, often county-administered.
Prisons incarcerate those convicted of felonies, typically state-managed.

Week 2: Historical Punishments & Classical Criminology

Codes like Hammurabi's and Draconian codes established legal frameworks and punishments.
Lex talionis ("eye for an eye") was a common principle in early law.
Secular law evolved from feudal systems, distinct from church law.
Wergild (England) involved monetary compensation for wrongs to prevent blood feuds.
Common European punishments before the 1800s included galley slavery, imprisonment, transportation, corporal punishment, branding, mutilation, and death.
Cesare Beccaria (classical criminology) linked crime severity to punishment severity, aiming for utility (public safety).
Beccaria’s six principles of classical criminology highlight utilitarian concepts, societal injury as a measure of crime, crime prevention, codified laws, abolishing torture, and proportionate punishments.
Jeremy Bentham (utilitarianism) developed hedonistic calculus and the panopticon (inspection house) prison design.
John Howard advocated for prison reform, leading to the Penitentiary Act of 1779 (secure facilities, systematic inspections, and abolition of fees).
William Penn's "Great Law" emphasized hard labor and humane principles, replacing the Anglican Code's death penalty for most crimes.
Penitentiaries (1790) aimed to isolate, reflect, repent, and reform incarcerated individuals, using solitary confinement or congregate systems.
The Pennsylvania System emphasized solitary confinement, while the New York (Auburn) System used congregate labor.
The Lease System hired out incarcerated individuals to private companies until the Anti-Contract Law of 1887.
Reformers in the mid-1800s led to the Reformatory Movement, challenging the penitentiary model.
Alexander Maconochie's Mark System implemented graded penalties toward release based on good behavior (not established in England).

Week 3: Constitutional Rights & Prison Litigation

Constitutions (state and federal) provide frameworks for government power and individual protections (Bill of Rights).
Statutes specify rights and duties relating to incarceration beyond constitutional provisions.
Judicial review assesses legal compliance with the constitution.
Regulations implement state policies and affect incarcerated rights.
The "hands-off" policy (prior to Cooper v Pate) limited judicial involvement in prison affairs.
Title 42 USC Section 1983 establishes liability for rights violations.
Cooper v Pate (1964) allowed incarcerated individuals to sue for constitutional violations in federal court.
Johnson v Avery outlined inmates' right to legal assistance from other inmates, acknowledging security considerations.
Bounds v Smith mandated reasonable access to law libraries and legal aid.
The Supreme Court introduced the Turner v Safley (1987) rational basis test for prison regulations to justify limits on constitutional rights in a way that serves legitimate penological interests.
1st Amendment rights (speech, religion, assembly) are vital in prison settings.
4th Amendment rights relating to searches and seizures are affected by institutional needs.
8th Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishments are applied to prison conditions.
The 14th Amendment guarantees due process and equal protection.
Key issues for incarcerated individuals: litigation, inmate grievances, ombudsman, mediation, and legal assistance as alternatives to lawsuits.

Week 4: Judicial Reprieve, Probation, & Intermediate Sanctions

Judicial reprieve (suspension or postponement of sentencing) was previously allowed under English common law but deemed unconstitutional in the 1916 US Supreme Court.
Recognizance (a court order for conditional freedom) is a crucial concept.
Split sentences combine incarceration with community supervision.
Shock incarceration, intermittent incarceration, decentralized, and centralized probation are administration options.
Probation investigates background, aids sentencing decisions, identifies risks/needs, and supports treatment planning.
Supervision involves establishing relationships, setting goals, and terminating the probationary status.
Probation philosophies involve law-enforcement-style control versus social work-support.
Standard, punitive, and treatment conditions often accompany probation.
Probation effectiveness is measured by recidivism rates.
Evidence-based supervision focuses on high-risk clients, intervention, and treatment.
Intermediate sanctions (fines, community service, restitution, day reporting, intensive supervision, home confinement, electronic monitoring, and shock incarceration) offer options beyond probation or incarceration.
Concepts of interchangeable punishments apply based on equivalence.

Week 5: Sentencing & Determining Sentences

DSL (Determinate Sentence Law) terminology details the calculation of sentences, including base terms, enhancements, concurrent/consecutive terms, and priors.
Rule of Court criteria for mandatory supervision denial analyze custody exposure, individual circumstances, the nature of the case, and the defendant's past performance.
Rules regarding conditional release conditions and length address program availability, public safety, and the defendant's needs/risks.
Split sentences are exampled outlining the computation of a sentence with time served in prison, followed by periods in mandatory supervision.
Proposition 57 modifications to state prison sentences affect eligibility for early parole, depending on offense categories.
Calculation of credits (pre-sentence, post-sentence) is essential for determining the actual time served.

Week 6: Institutional Organization Concepts & Programs

Prison organizational concepts define roles, responsibility, authority, supervision span, and formal structures.
Inmate balance theory suggests that officials must balance order and tolerance.
Administrative control theory pinpoints management deficiencies as a cause of disorder.
Prison classification assigns individuals to custody levels and treatment programs.
Rehabilitation programs (behavior theory, social therapy, therapeutic communities) aim to modify behavior and attitudes.
Prison industry methods include contract labor with piece-price or lease systems.

Week 7: Parole, Release, & Juvenile Corrections

Parole is conditional release from incarceration after part of the sentence; it functions as grace.
Discretionary and mandatory release mechanisms exist.
Justifications include rehabilitation, deterrence, and community protection.
Parole board decisions weigh various components of the offender's situation.
Parole revocation follows a two-step process.
Residential programs (community centers, work-release) offer alternatives to traditional incarceration.
Expungement and pardon, as tools of leniency, exist.
Juvenile rights evolve with historical court cases.
Key periods in juvenile rights involve Kent v. US, In re Gualt, In re Winship, McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, Roper v. Simmons, Graham v. Florida, Miller v. Alabama, People v. Caballero, and People v. Contreras.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of social control and corrections in criminal justice from Week 1, followed by an examination of historical punishments and classical criminology from Week 2. This quiz highlights the evolution of legal frameworks and the role of various legal codes in shaping modern penal systems.