WebApp Development Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of boundary classes in software design?

  • Manage the unit of work across multiple software modules.
  • Handle data validation for entity objects.
  • Store information about user preferences.
  • Create the interface that users interact with. (correct)

Which statement best describes the responsibilities of controller classes?

  • They are responsible for storing and retrieving data.
  • They manage a unit of work from initiation to completion. (correct)
  • They only validate data communicated between users and the application.
  • They solely manage user interface elements.

How should system intelligence be organized across classes?

  • Concentrated within a single class to improve efficiency.
  • Shared equally among all classes regardless of their roles.
  • Distributed across classes to address varying needs. (correct)
  • Localized in boundary classes only.

What is a key requirement for fulfilling responsibilities within classes?

<p>Responsibilities should ideally reside with a single class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which relationship identifies that one class relies on another class to function?

<p>depends-upon relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of use-cases in the context of a WebApp?

<p>To provide detailed descriptions of user interaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is explicit analysis particularly necessary in Web and Mobile App development?

<p>When there are many stakeholders involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Configuration Analysis describe in relation to a WebApp?

<p>The environment and infrastructure of the WebApp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are content objects in a WebApp derived from?

<p>Use-cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are relationships between content objects defined?

<p>Via UML or entity-relationship diagrams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the analysis activity become more explicit in WebApp development?

<p>When the app's success is vital for business success (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of analyzing use-cases?

<p>Recognizing user goals and objectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are attributes primarily used for in requirement analysis?

<p>To describe characteristics of classes in the analysis model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of operations in requirement analysis?

<p>They describe how data and functional requirements interact with the class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of essential requirements in a requirements model?

<p>External entities that produce or consume information critical to the system's operation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In defining operations, what is one of the four broad categories mentioned?

<p>Operations that inquire about the state of an object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about attributes and operations in requirement analysis is incorrect?

<p>Operations are only applicable when applied to a single instance of a class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of software patterns in requirements modeling?

<p>To capture and reapply domain knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a semantic analysis pattern (SAP)?

<p>A pattern that describes a coherent set of use cases for a basic generic application. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the process of discovering patterns?

<p>Patterns are discovered during the requirements engineering process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in content analysis for WebApps?

<p>Identification of all types of content, including text, graphics, video, and audio. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the coherent set of use cases important in requirements modeling?

<p>It aids in discovering analysis patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of software requirements modeling, what does domain knowledge refer to?

<p>Knowledge specific to a particular application domain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does data modeling play in developing WebApps?

<p>To identify and describe data objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can patterns from one application domain be utilized?

<p>They can be applied by analogy to completely different application domains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Focus on "major" information during requirement analysis

During requirement analysis, the focus should be on identifying the essential information and entities, starting with the most impactful and critical ones. Less relevant details can be refined later during design.

Attributes describe a class

An attribute is a characteristic or property that describes a class. It can be a data point that's specific to each instance of the class.

Operations define the behaviors of a class

Operations define the actions or behaviors that a class can perform. They are the verbs that describe what a class can do.

External entities as classes

External entities that are crucial to the system's operation are often represented as classes in the requirement model. These entities interact with the system, feeding information in or receiving it.

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Types of Operations

Operations can be categorized into four types: data manipulation (adding, deleting, etc.), computations, inquiries about object state, and event monitoring.

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What are Boundary Classes?

Boundary classes create the user interface, like interactive screens or reports, that users see and interact with. They act as a bridge between the user and the system's internal functionality.

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What are Controller Classes?

Controller classes handle a complete 'unit of work,' managing tasks from start to finish. They coordinate actions and data flow between other classes.

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How should Responsibilities be assigned?

Responsibilities should be distributed wisely among classes to best address the problem's needs. Each one should be stated broadly, and related information and behavior should be kept together within the same class.

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How do Classes fulfil Responsibilities?

Classes can fulfill their responsibilities either independently (using their own operations) or by collaborating with other classes. Collaboration involves identifying relationships between classes.

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What are the different types of Collaborations?

Collaborations are crucial for understanding how classes interact. Common relationships include 'is-part-of' (e.g., a wheel is part of a car), 'has-knowledge-of' (e.g., a driver knows about the car), and 'depends-upon' (e.g., the car depends on fuel).

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Software Patterns

A mechanism for capturing domain knowledge and reapplying it to new problems, either within the same domain or analogously to different domains.

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Semantic Analysis Pattern (SAP)

A collection of use cases that collectively describe a common application structure or scenario.

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Content Analysis for WebApps

The process of identifying and describing all content types to be included in a web application, encompassing text, graphics, images, video, and audio.

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Interaction Analysis for WebApps

The analysis of how users interact with a web application, outlining user interface elements and navigation pathways.

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Data Modeling for WebApps

A process of identifying and describing the various data objects that comprise the content of a WebApp.

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Behavioral Analysis for WebApps

The analysis of the application's behavior under various user actions and system events, including user inputs, data changes, and system failures.

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Platform Analysis for WebApps

The process of analyzing the platform and infrastructure components needed to host and run the web application.

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Interface Analysis for WebApps

The process of analyzing and documenting how the web application interacts with external systems or services.

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Interaction Analysis

The way a user interacts with a web application, including actions and steps. Use-cases are a key tool for outlining these interactions.

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Use Cases

Detailed descriptions of a user's specific interactions with the web application, outlining the series of actions they will take.

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Functional Analysis

Describes the specific functions and operations that the web application will perform, based on the user interactions outlined in the use-cases.

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Configuration Analysis

Detailed description of the environment where the web application will operate, including hardware, software, and network infrastructure.

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Content Model

A detailed outline of the information content that the web application will manage, including the types of data, the relationships between data elements, and the overall structure of the data.

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When to Perform Analysis Thoroughly

Analyzing and defining the requirements for a web application is a complex task that is best done with caution. When a web app is large, has many stakeholders or team members who haven't worked together previously, or is crucial for business success, a thorough analysis is essential to avoid problems later in development.

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Extracting Content Objects from Use Cases

Extracting content objects from use-cases involves carefully examining the user scenarios. This includes both explicit references to content and any implicit information that can be inferred from the user's actions.

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Study Notes

Lecture 4 Software Requirements Analysis II

  • Requirements Modeling: Class-Based Methods are discussed.
  • This lecture is part of a larger text, "Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 8/e" (McGraw-Hill, 2014).

Requirements Modeling Strategies

  • Structured analysis views requirements modeling as separate data and processes transforming data.
  • Data objects are modeled by their attributes and relationships.
  • Processes handle data transformations.
  • Object-oriented analysis defines classes and their collaborations.

Class-Based Modeling

  • Class-based modeling focuses on system objects, including operations (manipulating objects), and relationships.
  • Collaborations occur between classes for better functionality.
  • Class-based models include classes, objects, attributes, operations, CRC models, collaboration diagrams, and packages.

Identifying Analysis Classes

  • Examining usage scenarios and a grammatical parse are used to identify classes.
  • Classes are found by underlining nouns and nouns phrases.
  • Synonyms for nouns/phrases should be noted.
  • Classes needed to implement solutions are solution-space classes.
  • Classes for describing solutions are problem-space classes.

Manifestations of Analysis Classes

  • External entities (e.g., systems, devices, people) that produce/consume information.
  • Things (e.g., reports, signals) in the information domain.
  • Occurrences (e.g., events, robot movements) in system operation.
  • Roles (e.g., manager, engineer) played by interacting people.
  • Organizational units (e.g., departments).
  • Places (e.g., manufacturing sites)
  • Structures (e.g. components, computers)

Potential Classes

  • Retained information: Essential for system function, useful during analysis.
  • Needed services: Operations changing class attributes in some way.
  • Multiple attributes: Focus on major information; single attributes may describe another class.
  • Common attributes/operations: Apply to all instances, important for class definition.
  • Essential requirements: External entities for system operation are often classes.

Defining Attributes

  • Attributes describe classes for inclusion in the analysis model.
  • Examples (from the given slides): baseball player attributes, pension fund attributes.

Defining Operations

  • Grammatical parse of processing narratives identifies operations.
  • Operations categorized are: data manipulation, computation, object inquiries/status checks, and monitoring object events.

CRC Models

  • Class-Responsibility-Collaborator (CRC) modeling identifies classes relevant to system requirements.
  • A CRC model uses index cards for classes, responsibilities, and collaborators.

CRC Modeling: Example

  • Example of a FloorPlan class shows its responsibilities and collaborators.

Class Types

  • Entity classes (model classes) are described directly from the requirements statement, useful for system structure.
  • Boundary classes provide an interface between the system and its users (e.g., interactive screens).
  • Controller classes manage complex actions (including updates to entity objects).

Responsibilities

  • System intelligence should be distributed, stating each responsibility as clearly as possible.
  • Related information and operations should reside within the same class.
  • Responsibilities should be shared where classes are related.

Collaborations

  • Classes fulfill responsibilities by using their own operations or collaborations with other classes.
  • Classes collaborate based on different identified relationships, which are is-part-of, has-knowledge-of, or depends-upon relationships.

Composite Aggregate Class

  • Visualization diagram of a Player, whose sub-classes are PlayerHead, PlayerBody, PlayerArms, and PlayerLegs.

Reviewing the CRC Model

  • All participants in review should have specific parts of the CRC model.
  • Collaborating classes should be separated.
  • Use-case scenarios and diagrams should be categorized.
  • Review should use an approach that guides participants to fully describe the responsibilities.

Associations and Dependencies

  • Analysis class associations describe inter-class relationship.
  • An example would be client-server classes with a dependency relationship.

Multiplicity

  • Visualization diagram showing multiplicity relationships for Wall, WallSegment, Window, and Door.

Dependencies

  • Visualization diagram of dependency (<<access>> {password}) for classes DisplayWindow and Camera.

Analysis Packages

  • Categorization of analysis model elements (e.g., use cases and analysis classes).
  • Packages use plus (+), minus (-), and hash (#) symbols for external visibility, hiding, or accessing internal elements.
  • Illustration of the Environment and RulesOfTheGame packages with associated classes.

Behavioral Modeling

  • The behavioral model describes system responses to external events, showing the steps for creating such a model.
  • Evaluating use-case scenarios to understand step-by-step interactions within the system.
  • Identifying the events that drive these interactions and showing how events are related to system objects.
  • Creating sequence diagrams for each use case.
  • Building state diagrams to visualize system states and transitions.
  • Revising the behavioral model for accuracy and consistency.

State Representations

  • Different state characterizations in behavioral modeling: state or each class and the overall system.
  • A passive state is the current status of an object's attributes.
  • An active state describes the ongoing transformations or processing of an object.

State Diagram for the ControlPanel Class

  • Visualization of states and transitions for a control panel class.

The States of a System

  • Definitions: state, state transition, event, and action.

Behavioral Modeling- steps

  • Listing system states.
  • Indicating transitions between states.
  • Defining the transitions' events or actions.
  • Drawing state diagrams or sequence diagrams to describe behaviors.

Sequence Diagram

  • Visualization diagram showing sequences or interactions between elements (e.g., homeowner and control panel).

Writing the Software Specification

  • The need to document all details explicitly, using models as needed.

Patterns for Requirements Modeling

  • Describing software patterns, including how they capture domain knowledge and provide re-useability.
  • Applying patterns by analogy in new scenarios
  • Describing how requirements patterns are discovered during work.

Discovering Analysis Patterns

  • Use cases as foundational elements for requirements modeling.
  • Sets of use cases may indicate analysis patterns.
  • Semantic analysis pattern (SAP) describes coherent use cases for certain applications.

Requirements Modeling for WebApps

  • Analysis aspects for WebApps (content, interaction, and functionality).
  • Showing how analysis of content, interaction, and function are used in WebApp contexts.
  • Importance of configuration for describing the environment and infrastructure.

When Do We Perform Analysis?

  • Conditions trigger explicit analysis of Web/Mobile app design, including situations about size, complexity, number of stakeholders, and experience with team members.
  • The impact of app success on business success.

The Content Model

  • Identifying content objects from use cases, describing attributes and relationships.

The Data Model

  • Visualization as a data tree with connections from components to data objects, attributes.

The Interaction Model

  • Describing the interaction model components (use cases, sequence diagrams, state diagrams, and user interface prototypes) used in defining the flow of interactions with the WebApp.

Sequence Diagram

  • Visualization diagram of sequences of interactions (e.g., new customer actions described).

State Diagram

  • Visualization of detailed states and transitions of a new customer.

The Functional Model

  • Overview of the functional aspects of the WebApp.
  • Identification of the elements that are useful from a user perspective.
  • Using activity diagrams to show the processing flow.

Activity Diagram

  • Visualization diagram showing specific actions (e.g., initializing a total cost, applying discounts).

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