Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of escaping untrusted input before inserting it into an HTML page?
What is a key characteristic of Ad-Hoc mode in WiFi networking?
Which is a common method to prevent XSS vulnerabilities related to cookie security?
Which statement is true about WEP as a WiFi security protocol?
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What distinguishes Infrastructure mode from Ad-Hoc mode in WiFi networks?
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Which of the following describes a common type of XSS attack?
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What is a recommended practice for input sanitization to avoid XSS?
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What is a primary advantage of Monitor mode in WiFi?
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What is a primary reason why wireless networks are generally considered less secure than wired networks?
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Which of the following is a recommended practice to prevent file inclusion vulnerabilities?
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In ad-hoc mode for wireless networking, what is true about its operation?
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What is the main function of monitor mode in wireless networking?
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What is one of the primary roles of the RADIUS server after successful authentication?
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In Open System Authentication (OSA) mode, what does the client send to the access point for authentication?
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Which input sanitization technique is not recommended for protecting against file inclusion vulnerabilities?
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What is the purpose of the Message Integrity Code (MIC) in the four-way handshake?
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What distinct advantage does infrastructure mode offer compared to ad-hoc mode in a wireless network?
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Which type of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack occurs when a malicious script is injected into a web application and stored for subsequent users?
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How is a MIC attack typically executed on the four-way handshake?
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Which of the following security protocols is essential for enhancing the security of a wireless network?
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What is the derivation process of the Pairwise Master Key (PMK) in wireless security?
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What is the initial step a client must take when connecting to an access point in the OSA mode?
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What protocol is used for client authentication when sharing a key with an AP?
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Which of the following correctly describes the function of the SSID in the context of wireless networks?
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Study Notes
Security Best Practices for Web Applications
- Escape untrusted input to prevent exploitation by converting characters to HTML encoding.
- Set HttpOnly and Secure flags on cookies to restrict access via JavaScript and ensure data is sent only over HTTPS.
- Avoid inline JavaScript and direct embedding of user inputs to mitigate vulnerabilities.
- Regularly conduct automated and manual security tests to identify and address potential XSS vulnerabilities.
Basics of WiFi Networking
-
Ad-Hoc Mode:
- Allows peer-to-peer connections directly between devices, bypassing routers or access points.
- Ideal for temporary networks, such as file sharing between laptops.
- No central management; devices communicate independently within range.
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Infrastructure Mode:
- Devices connect to a central access point (router) that manages network traffic.
- Common use in homes and offices, providing better range and effective management.
- Access points help optimize connectivity and traffic handling.
-
Monitor Mode:
- Enables a device to listen to all traffic on a channel without connecting to any network.
- Used for network analysis, debugging, and security audits—limiting data transmission.
Wireless Security Protocols
- WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) was an early security protocol to secure wireless networks but is highly vulnerable.
- Known weaknesses include a short 24-bit Initialization Vector (IV) and weaknesses in the RC4 encryption algorithm.
- The integrity check algorithm CRC-32 is also considered weak.
RADIUS Authentication
- RADIUS servers manage authentication and session control for wireless networks.
- Upon successful authentication, these servers help establish encryption keys for securing wireless communications.
- They track usage for accounting and enforce access policies.
File Inclusion Vulnerability
- This vulnerability occurs when attackers manipulate file paths to access unintended files or directories.
- Can lead to unauthorized file access or code execution, posing a serious security threat.
- Prevention strategies include utilizing static file inclusion and avoiding the use of
$_GET[]
for page parameters.
Wireless Network Security Challenges
- Wireless networks broadcast data over radio waves, making them more susceptible to interception compared to wired networks.
- Attackers can capture signals without physical access, complicating network security.
Wireless Networking Modes Overview
- Ad-hoc mode only requires wireless adapters, making it simple for small networks.
- Infrastructure mode uses an access point (AP) for connectivity, requiring knowledge of the SSID, which can be easily sniffed.
- Monitor mode captures traffic across all nearby wireless networks without connecting.
Authentication Methods in Wireless Networks
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Open System Authentication (OSA):
- Clients send an authentication request to the access point, including SSID verification.
- Successful authentication leads to association with the AP for network access.
-
Shared Key Authentication:
- Requires pre-shared keys for client authentication and encrypts traffic post-authentication.
MIC Attack on Four-Way Handshake
- Involves intercepting messages exchanged between the client and AP during the authentication process.
- The Message Integrity Code (MIC) ensures the integrity of messages, calculated using the Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) and client’s nonce.
- Attacker aims to discover the correct PTK by performing a brute-force attack on the Pairwise Master Key (PMK), derived from the pre-shared key.
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential web security measures to protect against vulnerabilities. This quiz covers critical topics like input sanitization, cookie security, and JavaScript practices. Assess your understanding of security testing and preventive techniques.