Web Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which stage of web development involves the actual creation of the site?

  • Development (correct)
  • Planning
  • Definition
  • Testing

    • What is the primary function of HTML in web development?

  • Styles the document layout
  • Links external resources
  • Codes the structure and content (correct)
  • Manages server interactions

    • Why is CSS preferred for styling multiple pages over inline styling?

  • Inline styles are more organized
  • CSS applies styles site-wide from a single file (correct)
  • CSS is simpler to write
  • CSS requires more lines of code

    • What does 'index.html' represent on a web server?

    <p>The main entry point of a website</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically part of a URL?

    <p>Style sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of robust applications?

    <p>They should function despite unexpected selections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which WAI-WCAG conformance level indicates that a site should definitely meet a success criteria?

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do HTML elements contain?

    <p>A mixture of tags and text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach did WHATWG take regarding HTML standards?

    <p>Continuous updates with a flexible structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes SGML?

    <p>A standard that defines the structure and syntax that HTML uses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acronym that outlines the principles of web accessibility?

    <p>WCAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a category of disability mentioned in the content?

    <p>Chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle 'Operable' emphasize in web content accessibility?

    <p>All navigation should be usable for all users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices falls under the 'Perceivable' principle?

    <p>Using captions with videos for hearing impaired users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue that should be avoided under the 'Understandable' principle?

    <p>Drastic changes in screen/font size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'alt' attribute in an image tag?

    <p>To display alternative text if the image fails to load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not using quotes around attribute values consistently in HTML?

    <p>Some browsers might ignore the attribute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the 'figure' element is true?

    <p>It may contain a caption and other content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should quotes be formatted when including them within an attribute value?

    <p>Use HTML entities for the same type of quotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including the UTF-8 character set in an HTML document?

    <p>To support a wider range of languages and characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of void elements?

    <p>They cannot contain content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of attributes in HTML elements?

    <p>To contain information not part of the content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute is mandatory for the image element?

    <p>src</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about Boolean attributes in HTML?

    <p>They can be abbreviated by using only the attribute name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct regarding quotes around attribute values?

    <p>Using one type of quote allows for the other type to be used inside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to include the UTF-8 character set in an HTML document?

    <p>It should be part of the meta element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the meta element in an HTML document?

    <p>To provide keywords and descriptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be included in an attribute declaration in HTML?

    <p>An equals sign followed by the attribute value in quotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Web Development Stages

    • Stages of Web Development: Definition, Planning, Development, Testing, Launch, Maintenance

    Client-Server Model

    • Client and Server interact for website functionality

    HTML

    • Hypertext Markup Language: Codes the structure and content of a webpage or document
    • HTML Elements: Code the building blocks of HTML
      • Body
      • Sections
      • Paragraphs
      • Lists
      • Header
      • Footer
      • Navigation Menu

    CSS

    • Cascading Style Sheets: Codes the style of the document:
      • Fonts
      • Color scheme
      • Layout
      • Spacing
      • Borders
    • CSS Properties: Hundreds of properties can be used to style a document
    • CSS Separation: Keeping styling separate from HTML makes it easier to maintain consistency across multiple pages and update styles easily.

    Index.html

    • Serves as the main index page of a website, often referred to as the home page.
    • Displayed when accessing the website directory.
    • Located at the root of the server's directory structure.

    URL

    • Uniform Resource Locator: The address of a specific resource on the web.
    • Links often hide the URL.
    • Components of a URL: {Protocol}://{Host}/{Path}/{Filename}

    Intro to Accessibility

    • Resource: WebAIM (Accessibility In Mind)
    • Disability Categories: Visual, Auditory, Motor, Cognitive

    WAI-WCAG

    • Web Accessibility Initiative - Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
    • Organization: W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
    • Components: Principles, Guidelines, Success Criteria, Techniques
    • Goal: To make the web accessible to all users.

    WAI-WCAG: Principles

    • Define what constitutes accessible web content.
    • POUR: Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust

    Perceivable

    • Vision Impaired:
      • Font size and contrast must be clear.
      • Color changes in buttons should be noticeable.
    • Hearing Impaired:
      • Use captions with videos.

    Operable

    • All navigation should be usable by all users.
    • Keyboard navigation should be supported.
    • Sufficient time should be provided for reading or hearing content.
    • Components should be easy to find and navigate.
    • Content should not trigger seizures or physical reactions (flashing, excessive animation).
    • Hand gesture interactions should provide alternatives.

    Understandable

    • Content should be comprehensible for everyone.
    • Interactive components should not cause:
      • Drastic changes in screen or font size.
      • Cursor jumping or scrolling unpredictably.
    • Consistent navigation is essential.
    • Provide context-sensitive help.
    • Avoid excessive use of acronyms.

    Robust

    • Web content should be resilient and difficult to break or crash.
    • Content should work across different browsers and screen sizes.
    • Unexpected selections should not disrupt the functionality of the application.

    WAI-WCAG: Success Criteria (SC)

    • Each guideline has one or more success criteria.
    • Each SC is a standard, a test, or a check.
    • Conformance Levels:
      • A: All sites should meet this level.
      • AA: More complex to achieve, few sites meet all AA SC.
      • AAA: Nice to have but not required, very specific requirements.

    HTML

    • An application of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
    • Defines the structure and syntax of HTML using DTD (Document Type Definition)
    • XML (Extensible Markup Language) is also derived from SGML, but more strict and used for transferring data over networks.

    HTML History

    • W3C founded by Tim Berners-Lee: Established WWW standards in 1994 after leaving CERN.
    • WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group): Formed in 2004 by Apple, Mozilla, and others.
    • W3C and WHATWG: Had different approaches to HTML development. W3C focused on a rigid XHTML structure with fixed versions, while WHATWG favored a flexible structure and a live version with continuous updates.
    • HTML 5 live version became the sole standard in 2014: WHATWG is responsible for maintaining and enhancing it.

    HTML Fundamentals

    • Tells browsers how to structure a webpage.
    • Contains elements.
    • Elements contain tags, with opening and closing pairs.

    HTML Basic Structure

    <p>See the cat</p>
    • P is the element name: Presents text as a paragraph.
    • Tags: Enclosed in "<" and ">".
    • Closing tag: Includes "/" (e.g.,

      ).
    • Element: Complete item from opening to closing tag.

    Nested Elements

    • Elements can be nested within other elements.

    Void Elements

    • Don't have a closing tag.
    • Typically used to insert elements into a document, such as an image:
    <img src="myImage.jpg" alt="My Image">

    Attributes

    • Provide additional information about elements.
    • Attribute Structure:
      • attributeName="attributeValue"

    Image Element Attributes

    • src (required): Source of the image.
    • alt: Alternative text displayed if the image cannot be loaded.
    • width: Width of the image.
    • height: Height of the image.

    Boolean Attributes

    • Example: disabled
    • Short form: Use the attribute name without a value: disabled="disabled"

    Quotes Around Attribute Values

    • Always use quotes around attribute values (single or double quotes).
    • Using one type of quote allows you to use the other type inside the value.
    • Mixing quotes causes errors.

    Structure of an HTML Document

    <!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en">
<head> 
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>test page</title> 
</head>
<body> 
   Playing with HTML
</body>
</html>

    HTML Document Parts

    • DOCTYPE: Historical artifact, usually included.
    • html: Wraps around all page content, the root element.
    • head: Contains metadata and elements not directly visible to users, such as keywords and description.
    • meta: Includes meta information about the page, such as the character set: meta charset="UTF-8" (encodes the majority of languages).
    • title: The title of the document displayed in the browser tab.
    • body: Contains the main content of the page.

    Minimal HTML Document

    <!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en">
<head> 
    <title>test page</title> 
</head>
<body> 
   Playing with HTML
</body>
</html>

    Images

    • src: Source attribute for the image (relative path preferred).
    • alt: Alternative text in case the image can't be displayed.
    • Important: Do not use links to absolute URLs!
    • Screen Readers: If alt is blank, the screen reader will read the src attribute, which is usually meaningless.
      • If alt="", the screen reader will ignore the image, assuming it's decorative.

    The Figure Element

    • Purpose: Presents content like an image and a caption.
    • Usage:
      • Typically used when referring to the figure in the text (e.g., "As seen in Figure...").
      • Separates the figure from the main text.
      • Not limited to images, can be used for other content.
    <figure>
  <img src="myImage.jpg" alt="My Image">
  <figcaption>This is a photo of something</figcaption> 
</figure>

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