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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a web browser?
What is the primary function of a web browser?
Which of the following best describes a web server?
Which of the following best describes a web server?
What does the acronym HTTP stand for?
What does the acronym HTTP stand for?
What is the difference between HTML and XML?
What is the difference between HTML and XML?
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What does a URL represent?
What does a URL represent?
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Which of the following is an example of a web browser?
Which of the following is an example of a web browser?
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What is the function of hypertext in a web page?
What is the function of hypertext in a web page?
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What role does the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) serve?
What role does the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) serve?
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What year did Tim Berners-Lee first write the browser/editor known as 'WorldWideWeb.app'?
What year did Tim Berners-Lee first write the browser/editor known as 'WorldWideWeb.app'?
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Which organization was founded by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994 to develop web technology specifications?
Which organization was founded by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994 to develop web technology specifications?
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Which of the following was the first popular web browser released in 1993?
Which of the following was the first popular web browser released in 1993?
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What does HTTP stand for?
What does HTTP stand for?
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What concept did Tim Berners-Lee define as a unique 'address' identifying each resource on the web?
What concept did Tim Berners-Lee define as a unique 'address' identifying each resource on the web?
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In what year did CERN issue a statement putting the Web into the public domain?
In what year did CERN issue a statement putting the Web into the public domain?
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What was the address of the world's first web server?
What was the address of the world's first web server?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding HTML and XML?
Which of the following statements is true regarding HTML and XML?
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What is defined as a collection of linked Web pages with a common theme?
What is defined as a collection of linked Web pages with a common theme?
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Which protocol is primarily used for transferring information on the World Wide Web?
Which protocol is primarily used for transferring information on the World Wide Web?
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Who is credited with creating the World Wide Web?
Who is credited with creating the World Wide Web?
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What markup language is primarily used for formatting web pages?
What markup language is primarily used for formatting web pages?
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Which of the following best describes web navigation?
Which of the following best describes web navigation?
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The terms 'markup language' and 'hypertext' relate to which aspect of the web?
The terms 'markup language' and 'hypertext' relate to which aspect of the web?
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What is a key feature of a web browser?
What is a key feature of a web browser?
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In client-server architecture, what role does the server play?
In client-server architecture, what role does the server play?
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Study Notes
Jimma University
- Faculty of Computing and Informatics
- Software Engineering Program
- Web Design and Programming
- Jimma, Ethiopia
Chapter One: Introduction to the Internet and the World Wide Web
- Concept of the internet, historical background of the internet and standards & protocols
- Comprehending the web, web terminology, and HTTP protocol architecture.
- Understanding the Client-Server Model.
- Differentiating between Backend and Front-end web development
- Understanding Programming and Scripting languages
- Recognizing universal addressing (TCP/IP, DNS) and universal protocol (HTTP, URL, HTML, FTP)
The Internet
- The Internet is a network of networks that utilizes the Internet protocol suite to connect billions of devices worldwide.
- It is a global system of interconnected computer networks.
- Comprises millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.
- A network is a group of two or more computers connected for communication.
- Internet access allows users to engage in various services like online shopping, listening to radio and TV broadcasts, chatting, sending mail, accessing information, reading news, and more.
Cont...
- Internet is an internetwork of Wide Area Networks with gateways between them
- Based on the common use of TCP/IP protocols
- Supports standard application services, including DNS, email, and web services
- Organized by the IETF, ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), and ISOC (Internet Society).
- No central operations room or global manager
- Each internet host has an IP address (e.g., 137.195.13.48)
- Some hosts have domain names (e.g., www.macs.hw.ac.uk)
Cont...
- Fundamental suit of communication protocol used for the internet.
- TCP/IP Networks can be viewed as a 4-layer structure.
- Application layer interacts directly with the user applications or users.
- Transport layer manages end-to-end delivery of packets via TCP or UDP.
- Network layer handles IP datagram delivery, addressing, and routing.
- Link layer delivers frames, handles errors, and manages physical transfers.
- Examples of protocols at those layers include Application: SMTP, HTTP, DNS, FTP; Transport: TCP, UDP; Network: IP, ICMP, IPsec, IGMP; Link: Ethernet, 802.11, ARP, PPP.
Brief history of Internet
- Began as ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) in the 1960s and 1970s.
- ARPANET's core idea was utilizing packet switching to allow multiple users to share communication paths.
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) was employed to ensure reliable message transmission.
- The initial purpose of ARPANET was providing communication among various government bodies (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of Utah) and others, including electronic mail, file transfers.
- The Internet opened to commercial interests and universities in the late 1980s.
- Created WWW in 1989–1991 by Tim Berners-Lee.
- Early web browsers, such as Mosaic (1992), Netscape (1994), and Internet Explorer (1995)
- Amazon.com (1995), Google (1996)
Brief history of Internet (Cont'd)
- In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN developed a technology to share information using hyperlinked text documents.
- He created communication protocols like HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for the World Wide Web (WWW).
- The WWW aimed to unify existing technologies of computers, data networks, and hypertext using their merging into a powerful, global, and user-friendly information system.
- By Christmas of 1990, Berners-Lee had formalized the core concepts of the Web (HTML, HTTP, and URL).
- In 1990, the first web server and browser were developed, hosted at info.cern.ch.
- In 1991, access to WWW was extended beyond CERN.
- The WWW entered the public domain in April of 1993, by CERN.
- Mosaic (1993), a web browser from the University of Illinois, popularized the web.
- The 1990's saw the rise of web-based applications, like Yahoo (1994), Amazon and eBay (1995), and Google (1998).
Web Terminology
- World Wide Web (WWW): Created by Tim Berners-Lee, a method to organize and access internet information.
- Web browser: A software program used to access and view data on the WWW. (Internet Explorer, Google Chrome)
- Hypertext: A text document with links to other text documents. Allows users to navigate between web pages.
- Webpage: A single document with text, images, and icons. (uses HTML)
- Website: A group of interlinked webpages with a shared theme.
- Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The address of a webpage. (e.g., http://www.jendesign.com/2007/samples/first.html)
- Web server: A computer that stores a website and handles requests for viewing it.
- Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company providing internet access.
- Protocol: A set of rules governing communication, such as HTTP.
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/HTTPS): The main protocol used for communication between browsers and web servers.
- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): The markup language used for creating web pages.
- Extensible Markup Language (XML): A language used to describe the structure of data, complementing HTML in web pages.
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): A group of experts developing standards for improving or stabilizing the web.
Web Terminology (Cont'd)
- Web server: A computer where a website is stored and responsible for handling requests.
- Internet Service Provider (ISP): Company that provides internet connection access to users.
- Protocol: Set of rules governing the communication of data.
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Protocol used to transfer data between the client (browser) and web server.
Web Terminology (Cont'd)
- Webpage- A single document of text, graphics, or icons.
- Website- Composed of interlinked webpages.
- Uniform Resource Locator (URL)- The address of the site.
Web Terminology (Cont'd)
- Web server: The computer that stores web pages.
- ISP (Internet Service Provider)- Company that provides internet connection services.
- Protocol- A set of rules defining communication between two entities. Examples include HTTP and HTTPS.
- HTML/XML - the languages used for writing and structuring webpages.
Client-Server architecture
- A computing model where the server manages resources and services for client computers.
- Client computers connect to a central server over a network.
- Also referred to as a networking computing model or client/server network, because all requests and services are transmitted over a network.
Client-Side vs Server-Side Programming
- Front end is what runs on the user's computer, or client-side. (visible to the user)
- Back end is what runs on the server, where the actual processing or computations take place. (not visible)
- Front end examples: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, etc.
- Back end examples: Python, PHP, Ruby, etc
Front End Development
- The front end is the part of a website that users interact with directly.
- It encompasses all elements the user sees and interacts with: colors, styles, images, graphics, tables, buttons, and navigational menus.
- Frontend languages/technologies include: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript.
- Frontend frameworks/libraries include: AngularJS, Reactjs, Bootstrap, Jquery, SASS.
- Key objectives include site responsiveness and performance across various screen sizes.
Back-End Development
- The backend of a website is its server-side, the components users don’t directly interact with.
- It includes areas like data storage, processing, communication, and security elements required to support functionality and ensure operation on the website's client-side works properly.
- Backend developer responsibilities include creating libraries, working with system components, and defining application program interfaces (APIs).
Static vs Dynamic Web Pages
- Static web pages have content residing on the server and remain unchanged when accessed repeatedly. Downloaded and processed by the user's browser directly.
- Dynamic web pages exhibit varying content on each visit by the user. The content is frequently re-generated. Data is altered to suit the user, or based on the circumstances. Examples include server-side scripting languages like PHP and Active Server Pages (ASP)
Website Development Process
- Understanding business requirements, including content needs
- Designing the website process, including graphics creation
- Testing website functionality,
- Publishing and maintaining updates
Web Development Principles
- Website design must involve professionals with diverse expertise to achieve quality and essential functionality.
- Maintaining consistency in website design and components in look and feel.
- Simplicity should be preferred for effective website design.
- Website design should consider factors such as mobile compatibility, color palette/imagery, and user-friendly navigation.
Tools
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Subline Text
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Notepad++
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Visual studio code
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Programming Vs scripting language
Reading Assignment
- Programming vs. scripting languages
- Universal addressing (TCP/IP, DNS)
- Universal protocol (HTTP, URL, HTML, FTP)
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of the Internet and the World Wide Web as outlined in Chapter One. It explores the history, standards, protocols, and the Client-Server Model, along with differentiating backend and front-end development. Test your understanding of essential elements like HTTP, TCP/IP, and web terminology.
