Weathering and Soil Science

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Questions and Answers

How does physical weathering typically influence the exposed surface area of rocks and, consequently, affect the rate of chemical weathering?

  • It decreases the surface area, which decelerates chemical weathering.
  • It increases the surface area, which decelerates chemical weathering.
  • It increases the surface area, which accelerates chemical weathering. (correct)
  • It decreases the surface area, which accelerates chemical weathering.

In what way does chemical weathering generally impact the rate at which physical weathering occurs?

  • It accelerates the rate of physical weathering. (correct)
  • It slows down the rate of physical weathering.
  • It has no impact on the rate of physical weathering.
  • It temporarily increases, then decreases the rate of physical weathering.

Which combination of land management practices is most effective in minimizing soil erosion on a sloped agricultural field?

  • Increasing the slope angle in combination with plowing along the slope's direction.
  • Decreasing the slope angle in combination with plowing perpendicular to the slope. (correct)
  • Decreasing the slope angle in combination with plowing along the slope's direction.
  • Increasing the slope angle in combination with plowing perpendicular to the slope.

Considering the factors influencing weathering, which location from the table will most likely exhibit the most pronounced weathering of marble statues over a 50-year span?

<p>Cumberburg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a concept map illustrating weathering processes, what term accurately describes the category to which physical processes such as wedging and abrasion belong?

<p>Physical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a concept map illustrating weathering processes, what main category describes weathering where rock dissolves?

<p>Chemical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a detailed outline of weathering mechanisms, to which category would 'wedging' be most accurately assigned?

<p>Wedging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a thorough classification of weathering phenomena, which category best encompasses the impact of repeated freezing and thawing cycles on rock structures?

<p>Unloading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of weathering taxonomy, under what main category would one classify the process of dissolution and oxidation?

<p>Hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the policy analysis, what was the prevailing hypothesis regarding the impact of incentive programs on soil conservation efforts in the U.S. agricultural sector?

<p>Incentive programs were not effectively promoting soil conservation as intended. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which soil conservation practice is primarily aimed at reducing soil erosion caused by high wind velocity?

<p>Establishing windbreaks or shelterbelts for fields. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What soil conservation strategy is most directly linked to enhancing the character and structure of the soil itself, thereby reducing erosion?

<p>Returning organic matter to the soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary soil conservation benefit of maintaining a consistent vegetative cover on the land?

<p>It directly adds nutrients to the soil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which soil conservation technique is specifically designed to counteract the effects of a steep land surface on soil erosion?

<p>Plowing along the contour of the land. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What roles do weathering and biological activity play in the context of soil development?

<p>They are the primary processes responsible for soil formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is erosion best defined in the context of soil and landscape processes?

<p>Removal and transport of weathered materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specific type of chemical weathering is primarily responsible for the formation of rust on the surface of rocks and other materials?

<p>Oxidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term accurately describes the type of chemical weathering that occurs when water acts as a solvent to dissolve minerals?

<p>Dissolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant mechanism by which ions are transported out of soil profiles, leading to the depletion of certain elements?

<p>Leaching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sequence accurately represents the typical arrangement of soil horizons from the uppermost surface layer to the deepest layer?

<p>O, A, E, B, C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Physical Weathering Impact

Physical weathering increases surface area, enhancing chemical weathering rates.

Chemical Weathering Influence

Chemical weathering enhances the rate of physical weathering by weakening rock structures.

Optimal Soil Conservation

Plowing across the slope and decreasing slope angle are effective soil conservation techniques.

Weathering Factors

Cumberburg will undergo the most weathering due to high precipitation and temperature.

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Physical Weathering

Weathering where rock breaks into smaller pieces. due to abrasion, freeze/thaw, or pressure release.

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Chemical Weathering

Weathering where rock dissolves due to dissolution or oxidation.

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Hypothesis on Incentive Programs

Incentive programs may not be encouraging intended soil conservation efforts.

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Wind Erosion Control

Wind velocity can be reduced by providing shelter for fields.

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Soil Character Improvement

Returning organic matter to soil improves the soil's character.

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Soil Erosion Prevention

Keeping soil covered prevents erosion.

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Contour Plowing

Contour plowing is a technique used to reduce soil erosion on slopes.

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Crucial Soil Formation Processes

Weathering and biological activity are the most vital processes in soil formation.

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Removal of Materials

Erosion.

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Rust Formation

Oxidation causes rust to form.

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Dissolution Definition

Dissolution occurs when minerals dissolve in water.

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Ion Removal

Ions are mainly removed from soils through leaching.

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Soil Horizon Order

O, A, E, B, C

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Eluviation Location

Eluviation occurs in the E horizon.

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Surface Horizon

We walk on the A horizon.

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US Wind Erosion Hotspot

The Great Plains experiences the most soil erosion by wind.

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Study Notes

  • Physical weathering increases the surface area of rocks, thereby increasing chemical weathering.
  • Chemical weathering increases physical weathering.
  • Decreasing slope angle and plowing across the slope best reduces soil loss from a sloped field.
  • Cumberburg and Dumble will undergo the most weathering in a 50-year period.
  • The correct order for a soil horizon from the surface down is O, A, E, B, C.
  • Eluviation occurs in the E horizon.
  • Soil erosion by wind occurs most in the Great Plains.
  • Regolith is not essentially the same as soil.
  • Soils are a non-renewable resource.
  • Biological weathering is essential for soil formation.
  • Biological weathering occurs at both the macro- and micro-levels.
  • Quartz is not easily weathered compared to other minerals.
  • Porosity does not describe how rapidly water moves through a rock.
  • Permeability describes how rapidly water moves through a rock.
  • High temperatures increase the rate of chemical weathering.
  • Basalt parent rock would not form a soil very similar to that formed from granite.

Weathering Concept Map

  • Number 1 is Physical
  • Number 2 is Chemical
  • Number 3 is Wedging
  • Number 4 is Unloading
  • Number 5 is Hydrolysis

U.S. Agricultural Policy

  • Incentive programs were not encouraging soil conservation as intended.

Soil Erosion

  • Wind velocity: Provide shelter for fields
  • Character of the soil: Return organic matter to soil
  • Maintain vegetation: Keep soil covered
  • Slope of the land surface: Contour plowing

Soil Formation

  • Weathering and biological activity play the most important role in soil formation.

Removal of Materials

  • Erosion is the process of removal of materials.

Chemical Weathering

  • Oxidation causes rust to form.
  • Dissolution happens when minerals dissolve in water.

Ion Removal

  • Leaching is the main way by which ions are removed from soils.

Soil Horizon

  • The O Horizon is where we walk on.
  • Fractured rocks weather more rapidly than unfractured rocks.
  • The volume increases when water changes to ice.
  • Carbonic acid forms by a combination of carbon dioxide and water.
  • The pH value of a solution increases with increasing concentrations of hydrogen ions.

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