Weather Impact on Activities and the Water Cycle

Evaporation: Water changes from liquid to gas.
Dew Point: The specific temperature where condensation begins.
Condensation: Water transforms from gas to solid.
The water cycle involves continuous evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
Water evaporates from bodies of water and trees, forms clouds through condensation, and returns to the earth as rain.

Primary Economic Activities: Involve extracting raw materials from nature, such as mining, fishing, forestry, and farming.
Secondary Economic Activities: Transform raw materials into finished products.
Tertiary Economic Activities: Provide services to people, including teaching, plumbing, and petrol sales.
Quaternary Economic Activities: Focus on intellectual and knowledge-based work, such as financial planning and information and communication technology (ICT).

The Ohorongo Cement Industry near Otavi exemplifies the importance of secondary economic activities.
It provides employment and attracts investments.
It offers training opportunities and generates income for individuals and the nation.
It increases Value Added Tax (VAT) and government revenue.

Labor: Work conducted to earn a living.
Employment: People in the workforce with jobs and paid salaries/wages.
Unemployment: People actively seeking employment but unable to find work.
Private Sector: Portion of the economy privately owned.
Government Sector: Portion of the economy controlled by the government.
Informal Sector: Unregulated economic activity, often outside of formal employment.
Unskilled Labor: Requires minimal training.
Semi-skilled Labor: Requires some training.
Skilled Labor: Requires extensive training and expertise.

Maps utilize symbols to represent real-life features for clarity.
Symbols can include shapes, pictures, letters, lines, or colored areas.
A map key or legend explains the meaning of each symbol.
Common Conventions:
- Contour lines (brown): Indicate elevation.
- Water features (blue): Represent water bodies.
- Important roads (red): Show major routes.
- Smaller roads and railway lines (black): Depict less significant routes.

Word Scale (Statement Scale): Expressed using words, such as "1 centimeter to 1 kilometer."
Ratio Scale (Representative Fraction Scale): Utilizes numbers to represent distances, like 1:100,000.
Line Scale (Linear Scale): Consists of a graduated line with primary and secondary units.
Rulers are essential for accurate distance measurements on maps.

Darwin proposed that human beings evolved from earlier life forms.
The oldest fossils of modern humans have been discovered in Southern Africa.
Climate changes in Africa forced tree-dwelling apes to spend more time on the ground.
The need for using front limbs for carrying food led to bipedalism.
Bipedalism paved the way for tool use and human development.
Humans migrated slowly across the globe.
Migrations were driven by resource scarcity and the need to seek new food sources.

Coastal Hunter-Gatherers: Lived in the Western Cape, often in caves for protection.
Activities: Fishing, hunting land mammals, gathering edible plants.
Diet: Shellfish, tortoise, ostrich eggs, land mammals, and edible plants.
Xam Hunters: Nomadic group roaming the Karoo region of South Africa.
Activities: Hunting game, gathering edible plants and bulbs.
Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Inhabitants of the Kalahari for over 1100 years.

Namibia relies heavily on road transportation due to its vast distances.
Trans-Kalahari Highway connects Walvis Bay to Botswana and South Africa.
Trans-Caprivi Highway links Namibia to Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Seven smaller airports: Eros, Walvis Bay, Lüderitz, Keetmanshoop, Ondangwa, Rundu, and Katima Mulilo.

It connects major centers within Namibia and across the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
Facilitates trade between Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa.
Reduces damage to goods during transportation.
Saves money and time.

Fertility: A woman's ability to have children.
Mortality/Death Rate: Number of deaths per 1000 people annually.
Birth Rate: Number of births per 1000 people annually.
Infant Mortality: Number of deaths among infants under one year old per 1000 births annually.
Population Growth: Increase in the number of people living in a country, often expressed as a percentage.
Life Expectancy: Average number of years a person is expected to live.

Population Increase:
- High birth rates influenced by factors such as religion, poverty, education, and culture.
- Immigration.
- Improved medical technology, sanitation, immunizations, and cures.
- Advances in agriculture, including farming techniques and food supply.
Population Decrease:
- High death rates associated with limited medical facilities, malnutrition, natural disasters, and conflict.
- Emigration.
- Education levels.

Urbanization refers to the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, leading to increased urban populations.
Push Factors:
- Limited job opportunities in rural areas.
- Lack of adequate schooling.
- Limited infrastructure in rural areas.
- Drought and poverty.