Podcast
Questions and Answers
What typically occurs at high-pressure areas?
What typically occurs at high-pressure areas?
- Air flows toward the equator
- Air shifts rapidly causing storms
- Air rises and forms clouds
- Air sinks and creates clear skies (correct)
Hurricanes form in cold ocean waters.
Hurricanes form in cold ocean waters.
False (B)
Name one key feature of tropical storms.
Name one key feature of tropical storms.
Eye
The __________ zone is characterized by extreme heat and is often associated with deserts.
The __________ zone is characterized by extreme heat and is often associated with deserts.
Match the following climate zones with their characteristics:
Match the following climate zones with their characteristics:
Which process is primarily responsible for the movement of air in the Ferrel Cell?
Which process is primarily responsible for the movement of air in the Ferrel Cell?
El Niño leads to increased rainfall in Australia.
El Niño leads to increased rainfall in Australia.
What is a primary cause of droughts?
What is a primary cause of droughts?
What was one of the main causes of the Millennium Drought in Australia?
What was one of the main causes of the Millennium Drought in Australia?
The Richter Scale measures the visible damage and effects of earthquakes.
The Richter Scale measures the visible damage and effects of earthquakes.
What type of plate boundary is characterized by plates colliding, leading to the formation of volcanoes?
What type of plate boundary is characterized by plates colliding, leading to the formation of volcanoes?
During the Storm Desmond event, there was record rainfall of ______ mm in 24 hours.
During the Storm Desmond event, there was record rainfall of ______ mm in 24 hours.
Match the following natural disasters with their case studies:
Match the following natural disasters with their case studies:
What type of volcano is known for its steep slopes and explosive eruptions?
What type of volcano is known for its steep slopes and explosive eruptions?
Desertification is one of the social impacts of drought.
Desertification is one of the social impacts of drought.
Name one of the responses made during the Millennium Drought in Australia.
Name one of the responses made during the Millennium Drought in Australia.
The _________ Scale measures the explosive power and volume of volcanic eruptions.
The _________ Scale measures the explosive power and volume of volcanic eruptions.
Which tectonic plate interaction results in the formation of new crust?
Which tectonic plate interaction results in the formation of new crust?
Flashcards
Hadley Cell
Hadley Cell
Warm air rising at the equator, then sinking at 30 degrees North and South latitude.
High Pressure System
High Pressure System
Air sinks, warms, leading to clear skies and dry weather.
Low Pressure System
Low Pressure System
Air rises, cools, forming clouds and rain.
Hurricane
Hurricane
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El Niño
El Niño
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Tropical Storm
Tropical Storm
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Drought
Drought
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Climate Zone
Climate Zone
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Tectonic Plate Boundary Types
Tectonic Plate Boundary Types
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Convection Current
Convection Current
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Earthquake
Earthquake
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Richter Scale
Richter Scale
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Volcano
Volcano
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Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
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Destructive Plate Boundary
Destructive Plate Boundary
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Constructive Plate Boundary
Constructive Plate Boundary
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Earthquake Impacts
Earthquake Impacts
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Volcanic Impacts
Volcanic Impacts
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Study Notes
Weather Hazards
- Global circulation system moves air due to temperature differences, creating climate zones.
- Hadley Cell: Warm air rises at the equator, cools and sinks at 30° N/S.
- Ferrel Cell: Transports air between Hadley and Polar cells.
- Polar Cell: Cold air sinks at poles, rises at 60° N/S.
- Global winds are influenced by the system, affecting weather patterns.
- High pressure (anticyclone): Air sinks, leading to clear skies, dry weather (e.g., Sahara).
- Low pressure (depression): Air rises, causing clouds and rain (e.g., UK winter).
- Climate zones: Tropical (hot, humid), Arid (dry), Temperate (moderate), Polar (cold).
- Weather extremes: Hurricanes, heatwaves, tornadoes, blizzards.
- El Niño: Weakening trade winds, warm Pacific water, drought in Australia, floods in South America (e.g., damages in 1997–98).
- La Niña: Stronger trade winds, colder Pacific water, floods in Australia, drought in South America.
- Tropical storms (hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones): Intense storms, form over warm oceans (5°–30° N/S) when sea temps are above 27°C, eye (calm center), eyewall (strongest winds, rain). Hurricane Katrina (2005) caused $125 billion in damages.
- Droughts: Extended low rainfall, water shortage, natural (e.g., El Niño), human (e.g., overuse of water).
- Impacts of droughts: Social (crop failure, famine); economic (hydroelectric losses, farming); environmental (desertification, habitat loss).
- Case Study: Australian Millennium Drought (1997–2009) – caused by El Niño & overuse of Murray-Darling Basin; impacts: crop failure, rising food prices, wildfires. Responses: Water saving campaigns, desalination plants.
- Case Study: Storm Desmond (2015, UK): Intense rainfall from low-pressure system brought moisture from Caribbean; impacts: widespread flooding, over 5000 homes flooded, £500 million damage. Responses: Army deployed for rescue, flood defenses reinforced.
Tectonic Hazards
- Earth's structure: Core (inner solid, outer liquid), Mantle (semi-molten rock), Crust (tectonic plates).
- Convection currents: Heat from core moves tectonic plates in the mantle.
- Slab pull: Dense oceanic plates sink, drag other plates.
- Plate boundaries: Destructive (collision, volcanoes, earthquakes), Constructive (spreading, new crust), Conservative (sliding, earthquakes), Collision (uplift, mountains).
- Earthquakes: Sudden movement along fault lines due to pressure release, caused by plate friction, occur along plate boundaries. Effects (primary: building collapse, secondary: fires, tsunamis, disease).
- Measuring earthquakes: Richter Scale (energy magnitude), Mercalli Scale (damage intensity).
- Volcanoes: Magma erupts through crust, found at subduction zones, hotspots, constructive boundaries. Types: Shield (gentle slopes, runny lava), Composite (steep, explosive), Dome (steep, thick lava), Fissure (lava escape from cracks), Caldera (collapsed crater).
- Measuring volcanic eruptions: VEI (explosivity index), considers material volume, ash cloud height.
- Case Study: Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland 2010): Constructive boundary (North American and Eurasian Plates). Impacts: 100,000 flight cancellations, farm damage. Responses: Evacuations, monitoring.
Exam Tips
- Use case studies (facts, stats).
- Link causes, impacts, & responses in 6–9 mark questions.
- Weigh pros/cons in evaluation questions.
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