30 Questions
What is the primary constituent of haze droplets over industrial areas?
Sulfuric acid
In which regions are sulfate aerosols formed due to industrial activities bonding sulfur dioxide with oxygen?
Industrial areas like the central and eastern United States
What causes sulfate aerosols to grow large enough to be seen as clouds when the environment is supersaturated?
Absorption of water from the environment
At what relative humidity do sulfate aerosols start absorbing water to become effective condensation nuclei?
70%
What happens to sulfate aerosols when the humidity is low?
They remain suspended in the atmosphere to form haze
Under what conditions do snow showers fall under the category of 'Heavy' based on visibility limits?
Visibility less than a quarter of a mile
What is the best indicator of the leading edge of cold air associated with postfrontal dust storms?
Dust 'head'
How can wind speed be estimated in postfrontal dust storms?
By looking at the temperature change across the front
What is the average wind speed in postfrontal dust storms?
15-30 knots
How long does the first type of postfrontal dust storm typically last?
24-36 hours
Where does the second type of postfrontal dust storm occur?
When a weaker cold front stalls out and becomes stationary
What is the maximum height postfrontal dust storms can reach?
~30,000 feet
What is the main cause of fog in areas where the ground often cools by radiation cooling?
Radiation cooling
What type of fog forms when warm, moist air cools to saturation as it moves over cold water?
Sea fog
Why is sea fog formation unlikely if the initial dew point is lower than the coldest water temperature?
The air may not reach saturation
What leads to the dissipation of sea fog when it is carried over a warmer surface by a change in wind direction?
Increase in wind speed
What type of clouds can form when a surface fog is temporarily raised by an increase in wind speed?
Stratus deck
What type of air mass is associated with radiation fog according to specific forecasting guidance?
High dew point air
What is the formula to calculate the radiation fog threat?
WBPT850 - Fog Point
How is the WBPT850 found?
By finding the pressure level of the 850 mb LCL
What does a Fog Threat Value greater than 3 indicate?
Low likelihood of radiation fog formation
How is the Radiation Fog Stability Index (FSI) calculated?
$4TSfc - 2(T850 + TdSfc) + W850$
What FSI value indicates a 'Low' likelihood of radiation fog formation?
Greater than 55
In Table 1.4, what does a 'Moderate' likelihood of radiation fog formation correspond to?
Fog Threat Value between 0 and 3
What is indicative of radiation fog potential according to the text?
Ample moisture in the layer
What aspect of the FSI indicates radiation fog potential?
Low surface dew point depression
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an indicator of radiation fog potential?
Strong wind speeds at 850 mb
How do the GEPS and MEPS aid in visibility forecasting?
By producing dust probability products
What makes satellite detection of dust difficult according to the text?
Single channel imagery
How can animated infrared imagery help in tracking dust?
By contrasting dust against the cooler land surface
Learn about different types of fog formation including advection-radiation fog and sea fog, formed by warm, moist air moving over cold water. Understand the conditions that lead to sea fog formation and the role of dew point and water temperature.
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