Questions and Answers
What was a possible reason why Australian hunter-gatherers did not develop farming societies?
They did not need to farm to master their environment.
The agricultural civilizations of West Africa were characterized by what kind(s) of government?
A mixture of stateless societies and more highly centralized kingdoms.
Which of the following was NOT a value of the Iroquois League of Five Nations that some European colonists found attractive?
Empire building.
The conquest of Timur was the last military success of what kinds of people from Central Asia?
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What was the main reason that Emperor Yongle sent Zheng He on his voyages?
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Why did the Ming government suddenly stop the exploration of the Indian Ocean basin?
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The Hundred Years' War between England and France was comparable to which conflict in Ming dynasty China during the fifteenth century?
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The Renaissance was an era in which educated Europeans sought to 'return to the sources.' What sources?
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Just after Ming dynasty China withdrew from the Indian Ocean and East Africa, which European power began to expand into the void left behind by the Chinese?
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All of the following are reasons why Europeans put so much effort into expanding their power, while Chinese withdrew into their borders during the fifteenth century, EXCEPT:
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How did the Songhay Empire fit into the Islamic world of the fifteenth century?
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A North African traveler described Timbuktu, the capital of the Songhay Empire, as?
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Muslim travelers described the Islamic port of Malacca as?
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Which of the following was NOT a feature of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán?
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Why did the Aztecs perform ritual human sacrifice?
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In what ways did the Inca and Aztec empires differ substantially from each other?
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How did the Aztec and Inca empires treat women?
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All of the following pairs of societies shared a common religion EXCEPT
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Which of the following was NOT a feature of the modern era in the centuries following 1500?
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Which of the following 'what ifs' might have most drastically altered world history by not leading to European dominance?
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The Chinookan, Tulalip, Skagit, and other peoples of northwestern North America were _______________ gathering and hunting cultures.
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The Igbo, Yoruba, and Bini peoples represented different types of agricultural societies in _________________.
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The constant warfare between the Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, and Mohawk tribes was ended by the creation of the _________________.
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The culturally sophisticated capital of Timur's empire was ______________.
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The pastoral Fulbe of West Africa slowly adopted ______________ as a religion as they drifted eastward.
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The period of remarkable expansion by Zheng He occurred during the _____________ century.
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Much of the nation building in Europe during the fifteenth century was driven by the needs of ____________.
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In The Prince, one of the most influential writings in European history, author Niccolò Machiavelli writes that it is better for a ruler to be ____________ than to be loved.
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The crews of early European explorers such as Columbus and da Gama were ___________ in comparison to the number of crew members aboard Zheng He's fleet.
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The most impressive and enduring of the new Islamic states of Afro-Eurasia was the __________ Empire.
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The Sunni/Shia split divided the ________________ empires during the fifteenth century.
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The king of the Songhay Empire, Sonni Ali, combined belief in Islam with belief in ______________.
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The 'second flowering of Islam' in the fifteenth century saw the spread of Islam to ________________.
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Islam in Malacca was blended with ______________ traditions.
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The goal of Aztec warfare was to ___________ the enemy.
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The Inca Empire encompassed almost the whole of _____________ civilization in the fifteenth century.
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The official language of the Inca Empire, still spoken by millions today, was _____________.
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The Inca state demanded ____________, or labor service, as tribute from its subjects.
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Islam's many diverse cultures were brought together each year by the annual __________________.
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The Micronesian island Yap was a center of oceanic ____________ in the fifteenth century.
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What is the Aztec Empire?
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What is Benin?
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What was the seizure of Constantinople in 1453?
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What are the Fulbe?
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What are the Igbo?
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What was the Inca Empire?
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What is Malacca?
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What is the Ming dynasty China?
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What is the Ottoman Empire?
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What is paleolithic persistence?
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What is the European Renaissance?
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What is the Safavid Empire?
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What is the Songhay Empire?
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What is Timbuktu?
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Who was Timur?
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Who was Zheng He?
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Who are the Iroquois?
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Study Notes
Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculture
- Australian hunter-gatherers thrived without developing agriculture, mastering their environment through foraging.
West African Civilizations
- West African agricultural civilizations featured diverse governance systems, combining stateless societies with centralized kingdoms.
Iroquois Values
- The Iroquois League emphasized unity and peace among tribes, lacking interest in empire building, which contrasted with European aspirations.
Nomadic Conquest
- Timur's conquests marked the final military successes of nomadic Central Asian peoples before the rise of Russian and Chinese dominations.
Zheng He and Tribute System
- Emperor Yongle's primary motive for sending Zheng He on voyages was to integrate distant regions into China's tribute trade system.
Ming Dynasty Exploration
- The cessation of Ming exploration in the Indian Ocean occurred as Yongle's successors deemed expansion unnecessary and unresourceful.
European and Ming Conflicts
- Unlike Europe, Ming Dynasty China experienced internal stability without major conflicts during the 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War.
Renaissance Ideals
- The Renaissance signified a cultural revival focused on ancient Greek and Roman art and literature.
European Expansion Post-Ming Withdrawal
- Following China's retreat from maritime exploration, Portugal emerged as the dominant European power in the Indian Ocean.
Why Europeans Expanded
- European investments in expansion were driven by wealth and maritime capabilities, contrasting with the underfunded, vast Ming state.
Songhay Empire and Islam
- The Songhay Empire represented a significant Islamic presence on the periphery of the Islamic world during the fifteenth century.
Timbuktu's Significance
- Timbuktu emerged as a major hub of culture, intellect, and commerce in the Songhay Empire, known for its educational institutions.
Perceptions of Malacca
- Muslim travelers criticized Malacca as an unsafe region filled with thieves and dishonest merchants.
Aztec Capital Features
- Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, was notable for its pyramids and temples, contrary to claims of their absence.
Purpose of Aztec Human Sacrifice
- The Aztecs conducted ritual human sacrifices, believing the blood revitalized the sun's energy.
Inca vs. Aztec Governance
- The Inca Empire established a sophisticated bureaucracy for governance, while the Aztecs lacked such integration.
Gender Roles in Empires
- In both the Aztec and Inca empires, women had distinct yet equally valued roles within their societies.
Religious Commonality
- Mexican and Andean societies did not share a common religious practice, setting them apart culturally.
Modern Era Features
- The modern era post-1500 was marked by increasing inequality among regions, negating the notion of universal equality.
Impact of Chinese Exploration Withdrawal
- Historical speculation includes how sustained Chinese exploration post-1433 might have prevented European dominance.
Northwestern North American Societies
- The Chinookan, Tulalip, and Skagit peoples exhibited complex, affluent hunter-gatherer cultures in the Pacific Northwest.
Igbo, Yoruba, and Bini Societies
- These West African groups represented diverse agricultural societies across southern Nigeria, each with unique characteristics.
Formation of the Iroquois League
- Continuous warfare among the Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, and Mohawk tribes led to the establishment of the Iroquois League of Five Nations.
Timur's Capital
- Samarkand was the culturally rich capital of Timur’s empire, highlighting its significance during his reign.
Fulbe Conversion to Islam
- The pastoral Fulbe gradually embraced Islam as they migrated eastward, gaining religious leadership roles in West Africa.
Zheng He’s Voyages Timeline
- Zheng He conducted his prominent voyages during the early fifteenth century, expanding Chinese maritime influence.
European Nation Building
- Europe's nation-building efforts in the fifteenth century were largely influenced by the demands arising from war.
Machiavelli's Beliefs
- In "The Prince," Machiavelli argued that it is preferable for rulers to be feared rather than loved.
Early European Exploration Crews
- The crews of early European explorers like Columbus and da Gama were significantly smaller compared to Zheng He's fleet.
Ottoman Empire's Significance
- The Ottoman Empire emerged as a powerful Islamic state, expanding its reach across Anatolia, the Balkans, Asia Minor, and North Africa.
Sunni/Shia Divide
- The Sunni/Shia schism uniquely affected the Ottoman and Safavid empires during the fifteenth century.
Sonni Ali of the Songhay Empire
- Sonni Ali harmonized Islamic beliefs with traditional West African religious practices during his rule.
Spread of Islam in the Fifteenth Century
- The "second flowering of Islam" saw the religion's expansion into Southeast Asia during the 1400s.
Islam in Malacca
- Islamic practices in Malacca incorporated Hindu/Buddhist influences, creating a unique syncretic tradition.
Objectives of Aztec Warfare
- The primary aim of Aztec warfare was to capture enemies for sacrifice rather than outright destruction.
Inca Empire Territory
- The Inca Empire was the largest in the western hemisphere, spanning most of the Andean civilizations.
Lingua Franca of the Inca Empire
- Quechua served as the official language of the Inca Empire, still spoken by millions today.
Tribute System in Inca State
- The Inca demanded tribute in the form of mita, a labor service from subjects to sustain the empire.
Unifying Islamic Cultures
- The annual pilgrimage to Mecca served as a key unifying element for Islam’s diverse cultures.
Yap Island's Role
- The island of Yap was a vital center for oceanic commerce during the fifteenth century.
Aztec Empire Overview
- The Aztec Empire, a significant state in Mexico during the 14th and 15th centuries, was driven by the seminomadic Mexica people.
Benin's Political Structure
- Benin emerged as a warrior-ruled territorial state in southern Nigeria during the 15th century, established through conquest.
Fall of Constantinople
- The 1453 seizure of Constantinople by Mehmed II marked the fall of Byzantine influence and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
Fulbe Society and Islam
- The Fulbe, West Africa’s largest pastoral society, gradually adopted Islam, gaining prominence in religious leadership.
Igbo's Societal Structure
- The Igbo developed a complex societal arrangement without centralized kingship, relying on alternative institutions for social cohesion.
Inca Empire's Scale
- The Inca Empire, centered in the Andes, was marked by a vast extent, containing approximately 10 million people at its peak.
Historical Importance of Malacca
- Malacca developed as a crucial Muslim port city influencing a syncretic form of Islam across Southeast Asia.
Ming Dynasty Characteristics
- The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) focused on restoring traditional Chinese practices after Mongol rule, marking a significant cultural return.
Ottoman Empire Overview
- The Ottoman Empire, a major Islamic state, grew to encompass regions across Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Paleolithic Persistence
- Despite advancements in agriculture, some areas maintained hunter-gatherer societies, demonstrating persistent lifestyles.
European Renaissance Characteristics
- The European Renaissance was characterized by a revival of classical knowledge, emerging prominently in Italy with significant artistic developments.
Safavid Empire Features
- Founded in the early 16th century, the Safavid Empire was known for its endeavors to convert the populace to Shia Islam.
Songhay Empire Overview
- The Songhay Empire emerged as a key Islamic political entity in West Africa during the latter part of the fifteenth century.
Timbuktu's Recognition
- Timbuktu was acknowledged as an essential center of Islamic scholarship during the 14th to 16th centuries.
Timur's Historical Impact
- Timur's campaigns, marked by military upheaval, aimed to reconstruct the Mongol Empire but left widespread devastation.
Zheng He’s Maritime Legacy
- As a notable Chinese admiral, Zheng He led expansive voyages for exploration and connection, impacting trade routes significantly.
Iroquois Alliances
- The Iroquois comprised native groups in North America's Great Lakes area, forming alliances to bolster collective strength.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from Chapter 13 of 'Ways of the World'. Explore important terms and definitions related to the development of societies, including hunter-gatherers and agricultural civilizations. Test your knowledge on the diverse forms of government found in West Africa and other related themes.