Gr 10 Physical Sciences November exam p1 (Hard)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary direction of particle motion in a transverse wave?

  • Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation (correct)
  • At an angle to the direction of wave propagation
  • In a circular motion around the direction of wave propagation
  • Parallel to the direction of wave propagation

    • What is the term for the highest point on a wave?

  • Equilibrium position
  • Trough
  • Amplitude
  • Crest (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the 'oscillate' option in a transverse wave simulation?

  • To observe how particles move in a transverse wave (correct)
  • To observe the wave's speed
  • To observe the wave's wavelength
  • To observe the wave's frequency

    • What is the term for the maximum disturbance or displacement of the medium from its equilibrium position?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the amplitude of a wave?

    <p>The wave carries more energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a transverse wave, what is the relationship between the particles of the medium and the direction of wave propagation?

    <p>The particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lowest point on a wave?

    <p>Trough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for amplitude in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Metres (m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of crests and troughs in wave motion?

    <p>To transmit energy through the medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the wave itself moving horizontally through the medium?

    <p>Wave motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pulse?

    <p>It moves through a medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum disturbance or distance the medium is displaced from its rest position?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a transverse pulse, what is the direction of motion of the particles relative to the direction of the pulse?

    <p>Perpendicular to the direction of the pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>Meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measurement of how long the pulse is from one end to the other?

    <p>Pulse length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flicking the rope in the investigation of pulses?

    <p>To create a single disturbance that moves through a medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a pulse and a wave?

    <p>A pulse is a single disturbance, while a wave is a series of disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pulse length and amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>The pulse length and amplitude are independent of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for amplitude?

    <p>Metre (m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate pulse speed?

    <p>v = D ÷ t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when two pulses meet and their disturbances add together to create a larger pulse?

    <p>Constructive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pulse speed?

    <p>The distance a pulse travels per unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of superposition?

    <p>When two pulses meet, the resulting disturbance is the sum of the two disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a transverse wave?

    <p>A wave where the motion of the particles is perpendicular to the direction of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of destructive interference?

    <p>When two pulses meet and their disturbances combine to form a smaller pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of two pulses meeting with equal and opposite amplitudes?

    <p>The pulses cancel each other out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a pulse?

    <p>A single disturbance that travels through a medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What remains constant over time for a pulse?

    <p>Amplitude and pulse length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring the distance from the equilibrium position to each crest and trough?

    <p>To determine the amplitude of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of points in phase on a wave?

    <p>They experience their crests, troughs, and intermediate points simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength of a wave equal to?

    <p>The distance between two adjacent points in phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of constructive interference between two waves?

    <p>A wave with a larger amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of a wave represented by?

    <p>The symbol T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the energy of a wave?

    <p>The amplitude of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of points out of phase on a wave?

    <p>Points that are not separated by an integer multiple of wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of amplitude in understanding wave behavior?

    <p>It indicates the energy of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of destructive interference between two waves?

    <p>A wave with a smaller amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the period of a wave?

    <p>Seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for sound waves to travel faster in denser media?

    <p>Particles are closer together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity that represents the time taken for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a given point?

    <p>Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment to measure the speed of sound, what is a major source of error?

    <p>Human reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A wave has a frequency of 20 Hz. What is the period of the wave?

    <p>0.05 s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SONAR in ships?

    <p>To determine the depth of the ocean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of human hearing?

    <p>20 Hz to 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a wave?

    <p>Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of echolocation in animals?

    <p>To navigate and form a picture of surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A wave has a wavelength of 2 m and a frequency of 5 Hz. What is the speed of the wave?

    <p>10 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are closest together?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the wavelength of a sound wave?

    <p>λ = v/f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the temperature on the speed of sound in air?

    <p>It increases the speed of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for wave speed in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a higher frequency in a wave?

    <p>Higher energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring the speed of sound in different materials?

    <p>To understand the properties of the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>Period is inversely proportional to frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a sound wave that determines its pitch?

    <p>Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of wave speed?

    <p>The distance a wave travels per unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz?

    <p>Infrasounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are furthest apart?

    <p>Rarefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of wavelength in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>The period is inversely proportional to the frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for wave speed?

    <p>Meters per second (m/s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of amplitude in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The maximum displacement from equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the speed of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>v = λf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the temperature on the speed of sound?

    <p>The speed of sound increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a rarefaction in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>A region where the particles are furthest apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

    <p>Hertz (Hz)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of period in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The time taken by the wave to move one wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the density of a medium affect the speed of sound?

    <p>The speed of sound increases with increasing density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties of electromagnetic radiation is responsible for its ability to travel through the vacuum of space?

    <p>Its particle-like nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept that electromagnetic radiation can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties?

    <p>Wave-particle duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications of electromagnetic radiation is NOT correct?

    <p>Gamma rays are used in cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the oscillating electric field (E) and magnetic field (B) in electromagnetic wave propagation?

    <p>E and B are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a wave-like property of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

    <p>3 × 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acceleration on charged particles in electromagnetic wave propagation?

    <p>It creates oscillating electric and magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of electromagnetic radiation exhibiting particle-like behavior?

    <p>The photoelectric effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the propagation of electromagnetic waves?

    <p>Mutual induction between electric and magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where light bends and creates patterns of constructive and destructive interference?

    <p>Diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum frequency of sound waves that can be heard by certain animals like dogs, dolphins, and bats?

    <p>20 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of cleaning in ultrasonic cleaners?

    <p>Energy released from the collapse of microscopic bubbles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range used in material testing applications of ultrasound?

    <p>50-500 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind ultrasound imaging in medical applications?

    <p>Reflection of ultrasound waves at boundaries between different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate speed of light in a vacuum?

    <p>3 × 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electromagnetic radiation that allows it to exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior?

    <p>Dual nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the range of electromagnetic radiation types, including visible light and beyond?

    <p>Electromagnetic spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ultrasound in pest control, according to some claims?

    <p>To deter rodents and insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range used in welding of plastics applications of ultrasound?

    <p>15-40 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of ultrasound in physical therapy?

    <p>Generation of localized heat in biological tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between gamma rays and X-rays?

    <p>Wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of wavelengths for ultraviolet light?

    <p>Ten to four hundred nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies?

    <p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of infrared radiation in night vision equipment?

    <p>To detect heat differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave?

    <p>Frequency increases as wavelength decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the visible spectrum?

    <p>It is the range of wavelengths visible to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the equation c = f * ?

    <p>It shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the electromagnetic spectrum classify radiation?

    <p>By their frequency and wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the electromagnetic spectrum that means there are no gaps between different types of radiation?

    <p>It is continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of X-rays in medical imaging?

    <p>They have high energy and penetrating power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why visible light is mostly reflected off the skin's surface and does not penetrate deeply?

    <p>It is a type of electromagnetic radiation with low penetrating power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why gamma rays are used in medical treatments for cancer?

    <p>They have high energy and can penetrate deeply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB rays in terms of their effects on biological tissues?

    <p>UVA penetrates deeply, while UVB causes immediate damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the World Health Organization recommends minimizing exposure to microwave radiation?

    <p>There is inconclusive evidence linking it to brain cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ionizing radiation that makes it hazardous to biological tissues?

    <p>It has high energy and can ionize atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays are used extensively in medical imaging?

    <p>They have high energy and can penetrate soft tissues and bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>It filters out UVB radiation, protecting living organisms from its detrimental effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why gamma rays are hazardous to biological tissues?

    <p>They have high energy and can cause significant damage to internal organs and DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation?

    <p>Non-ionizing radiation has low energy, while ionizing radiation has high energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays can cause cellular damage with prolonged exposure?

    <p>They have high energy and can cause cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pulse?

    <p>A single disturbance that moves through a medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of motion of particles in a transverse pulse?

    <p>Perpendicular to the direction of the pulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between amplitude and pulse length?

    <p>Amplitude is independent of pulse length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the investigation involving flicking a rope?

    <p>To demonstrate the concept of a transverse pulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for amplitude?

    <p>Metres (m).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a transverse pulse?

    <p>A pulse where particles move perpendicular to the direction of the pulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>The pulse length remains constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a pulse from a wave?

    <p>Single disturbance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring the distance from the equilibrium position to each crest and trough in understanding wave behavior?

    <p>It measures the maximum displacement of the wave in both upward and downward directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of points in phase on a wave?

    <p>They reach their maximum and minimum displacements at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the frequency and period of a wave?

    <p>They are inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the wavelength of a wave?

    <p>The distance between any two adjacent points that are in phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for wave speed in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Meter per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of constructive interference between two waves?

    <p>The amplitude of the wave increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of wave speed?

    <p>The distance a wave travels per unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates wave speed, wavelength, and frequency?

    <p>v = λf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the energy of a wave?

    <p>The amplitude of the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are furthest apart?

    <p>Rarefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of points out of phase on a wave?

    <p>Points that experience different parts of the wave cycle at any given moment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding period and frequency in various fields of physics and engineering?

    <p>They help describe the behavior of different types of waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of amplitude in understanding wave behavior?

    <p>It measures the energy of the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of destructive interference between two waves?

    <p>The wave cancels out altogether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a wave and its frequency?

    <p>The energy of a wave is directly proportional to its frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for frequency in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Hertz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the period of a wave?

    <p>Seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity that represents the time taken for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a given point?

    <p>Period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of period?

    <p>The time taken for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a given point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that relates frequency and period?

    <p>f = 1/T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a pulse from a wave?

    <p>A pulse has a definite start and end, while a wave is continuous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of superposition when two pulses with equal and opposite amplitudes meet?

    <p>The pulses cancel each other out, resulting in no disturbance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the speed of sound in air is approximately 344 m/s at sea level and 21°C?

    <p>The air pressure is higher at sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring the amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>To determine the energy transferred by the pulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of sound waves that allows them to travel faster in denser media?

    <p>The particles of the medium are closer together in denser media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pulse length and amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>The pulse length and amplitude are independent of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the wavelength of sound waves using the formula λ = v / f?

    <p>To understand the properties of sound waves in different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increasing the amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>The energy transferred by the pulse increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between infrasound and ultrasound?

    <p>Infrasound has a lower frequency than ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a transverse wave?

    <p>The particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a stopwatch in the informal experiment to measure the speed of sound?

    <p>To record the time taken for the sound wave to travel a certain distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of constructive interference between two pulses?

    <p>A pulse with a larger amplitude is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an echo?

    <p>It is a reflected sound wave that is heard after the original sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the principle of superposition?

    <p>To describe the interaction between two or more waves or pulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for pulse speed?

    <p>Metre per second (m/s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using SONAR in ships?

    <p>To calculate the distance to the seabed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the pulse speed of a pulse?

    <p>v = D/t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why animals like dolphins and bats use echolocation?

    <p>To navigate their surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amplitude and loudness of a sound wave?

    <p>The amplitude of a sound wave determines its loudness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the oscillatory motion of particles in a transverse wave?

    <p>The particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a sound wave with a higher frequency?

    <p>It has a higher pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs in a transverse wave?

    <p>Wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the amplitude of a transverse wave on the energy transferred by the wave?

    <p>The energy transferred by the wave increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the motion of the wave itself through the medium?

    <p>Wave motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the crests and troughs in a transverse wave?

    <p>Crests are the highest points and troughs are the lowest points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using an online simulation to understand transverse waves?

    <p>To visualize the motion of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum displacement of the medium from its equilibrium position?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the particles in a transverse wave at the crest?

    <p>They are at their maximum positive displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the motion of particles in a transverse wave?

    <p>To understand how energy is transmitted through the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amplitude and energy of a transverse wave?

    <p>The energy of the wave increases as the amplitude increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one to ten nanometers and frequencies between 3 × 10^17 and 3 × 10^19 Hz?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of ultraviolet light in the treatment of certain skin conditions?

    <p>Therapeutic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula that represents the relationship between the speed, frequency, and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave?

    <p>c = f × λ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of wavelengths for visible light?

    <p>400 to 700 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of microwaves in cooking?

    <p>Heating food quickly and efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the electromagnetic spectrum?

    <p>Continuous and infinite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of frequencies for infrared radiation?

    <p>3 × 10^12 to 4.3 × 10^19 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of gamma rays in food sterilization?

    <p>Eliminating bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than one hundred million nanometers and frequencies below 3 × 10^9 Hz?

    <p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of electromagnetic radiation that allows it to travel through a vacuum?

    <p>It has a dual nature, exhibiting both wave-like and particle-like properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the behavior of electromagnetic radiation where it exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties?

    <p>Wave-particle duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of X-rays and gamma rays in medical diagnostics?

    <p>Medical imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where light bends and creates patterns of constructive and destructive interference when passing through a narrow slit or encountering an obstacle?

    <p>Diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

    <p>3 × 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where a changing electric field generates a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field generates an electric field?

    <p>Mutual induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are furthest apart?

    <p>Rarefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direction of light wave oscillation?

    <p>Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>Wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum displacement from equilibrium in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of infrared radiation in everyday technology?

    <p>Remote controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time taken by a wave to move one wavelength?

    <p>Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where light passes from one medium to another and changes speed and direction?

    <p>Refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>Frequency is inversely proportional to period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the generation of electromagnetic waves by accelerating charges?

    <p>Electromagnetic wave propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the wave speed of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>v = λf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the temperature on the speed of sound in a medium?

    <p>The speed of sound increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for ultrasound being used in medical imaging?

    <p>To visualize internal structures due to the reflection of ultrasound waves at boundaries between different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the energy of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of frequencies used in ultrasonic cleaners?

    <p>20-40 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the range of electromagnetic radiation types, including visible light and others?

    <p>Electromagnetic spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of light in a vacuum, approximately?

    <p>3 x 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the wave speed of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>Meters per second (m/s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ultrasound in physical therapy?

    <p>To generate localized heat in biological tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of ultrasound used in material testing?

    <p>50-500 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of ultrasound imaging?

    <p>Transmission of sound waves into the body, with reflection at boundaries between different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of human hearing?

    <p>20 Hz to 20 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of ultrasound in welding of plastics?

    <p>To generate localized heat through high-frequency vibrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of electromagnetic radiation that allows it to exhibit particle-like behavior?

    <p>Particle nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays are used in medical imaging?

    <p>Because they can penetrate soft tissues and bones, allowing for detailed internal imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between UVA and UVB rays?

    <p>UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin, while UVB rays are mostly reflected off the skin's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding microwave radiation from mobile phones?

    <p>That it can cause cancer and other health issues with prolonged exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>To filter out UV radiation and allow only visible light to pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ionizing radiation?

    <p>It has enough energy to ionize atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using gamma rays in medical treatments?

    <p>They can target and destroy cancer cells with precise control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding X-rays?

    <p>That they can cause cellular damage with prolonged exposure, increasing cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between gamma rays and X-rays?

    <p>Gamma rays have higher energy and can penetrate deeper into the body, while X-rays have lower energy and can only penetrate soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why non-ionizing radiation is considered less harmful?

    <p>Because it does not have enough energy to ionize atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of gamma rays in medical treatments?

    <p>That they can cause significant collateral damage to healthy tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pulse that distinguishes it from a wave?

    <p>It has a single disturbance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measurement of the maximum disturbance or distance the medium is displaced from its rest position?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of particle motion in a transverse pulse?

    <p>Perpendicular to the direction of motion of the pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the investigation of pulses using a rope?

    <p>To demonstrate the concept of a pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amplitude and pulse length of a pulse?

    <p>The amplitude is independent of the pulse length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the pulse length?

    <p>Meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a pulse that is important for understanding its properties?

    <p>Amplitude and pulse length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a transverse pulse and a transverse wave?

    <p>A transverse pulse has a single disturbance, while a transverse wave has a continuous disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the particles of the medium do not move horizontally with the wave in a transverse wave?

    <p>Because the particles are oscillating perpendicularly to the direction of the wave's travel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the amplitude of a wave in understanding its behavior?

    <p>It measures the energy carried by the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the crests and troughs of a transverse wave?

    <p>Crests are the highest points, and troughs are the lowest points on a wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the particles of the medium oscillating perpendicularly to the direction of the wave's travel?

    <p>The wave propagates horizontally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of observing the oscillation of particles in a transverse wave simulation?

    <p>To distinguish between particle motion and wave motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the particles of the medium at the points of maximum displacement?

    <p>They are oscillating perpendicularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring the distance from the equilibrium position to each crest and trough?

    <p>To determine the amplitude of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the concept of wave motion in understanding transverse waves?

    <p>It distinguishes the wave from the particle motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the distance from the equilibrium position to a crest and the distance from the equilibrium position to a trough?

    <p>The distance to a crest is equal to the distance to a trough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the crest and trough of a transverse wave in terms of displacement?

    <p>The crest has a maximum positive displacement, and the trough has a maximum negative displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a transverse wave?

    <p>The particles of the medium oscillate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave's travel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of points in phase experiencing their crests, troughs, and all intermediate points simultaneously?

    <p>They oscillate together, reaching their maximum and minimum displacements at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the wave propagating horizontally through the medium?

    <p>The energy is transmitted horizontally through the medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of wavelength in terms of points in phase?

    <p>The distance between any two adjacent points that are in phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of points out of phase experiencing different parts of the wave cycle at any given moment?

    <p>They destructively interfere, resulting in a smaller amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity that represents the time taken for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a given point?

    <p>Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of amplitude in understanding wave behavior?

    <p>It indicates the energy of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of understanding the concept of points in phase on a wave?

    <p>It is crucial for analyzing wave interactions, such as interference patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of constructive interference between two waves?

    <p>The amplitude of the resulting wave increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of points out of phase on a wave?

    <p>Points that are not separated by an integer multiple of wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of superposition on the amplitude of a pulse after it has interacted with another pulse?

    <p>It remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental property of a pulse that is measured by the pulse length?

    <p>Horizontal length of the disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity that represents the number of complete cycles of a wave that pass a given point in one second?

    <p>Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the frequency of a wave?

    <p>Hertz (Hz)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a pulse and a wave?

    <p>A pulse is a single disturbance, while a wave is a series of disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>They are inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of destructive interference between two pulses with equal amplitudes?

    <p>A pulse with zero amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the wave speed of a transverse wave?

    <p>v = λ × f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pulse speed and the distance traveled by a pulse?

    <p>Pulse speed is directly proportional to the distance traveled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of superposition used to describe?

    <p>The interaction of two pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are furthest apart?

    <p>Rarefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a transverse wave?

    <p>A wave that travels in a direction perpendicular to its amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding the period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>To describe the behavior of different types of waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of constructive interference on the amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>It increases the amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the wave speed of a transverse wave?

    <p>Metre per second (m/s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the pulse speed?

    <p>v = D/t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a wave?

    <p>They are directly proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of wave speed?

    <p>The distance a wave travels per unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pulse that remains constant over time?

    <p>Both amplitude and pulse length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are closest together?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>As frequency increases, wavelength decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy and penetrating power?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of ultraviolet light in nature?

    <p>To help bees locate flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of frequencies for visible light?

    <p>4.3 10^14 to 7.5 10^14 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of microwave radiation?

    <p>Food cooking and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the electromagnetic spectrum?

    <p>It is continuous and infinite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of wavelengths for infrared radiation?

    <p>700 nm to 100,000 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of X-rays in medicine?

    <p>To visualize internal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of frequencies for microwave radiation?

    <p>3 10^9 to 3 10^12 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of gamma rays?

    <p>They have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of wavelength in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The distance between two consecutive points that are in phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>Frequency is inversely proportional to period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why gamma rays have the greatest penetrating power among all forms of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>They have the highest energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for wave speed?

    <p>Meters per second (m/s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of amplitude in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The maximum displacement from equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is responsible for causing sunburn and increasing the risk of skin cancer?

    <p>UVB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the speed of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>v = λf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Filtering out UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are furthest apart?

    <p>Rarefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health risk associated with prolonged exposure to microwave radiation?

    <p>Brain cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the speed of sound change with temperature?

    <p>It increases with temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is used in medical treatments to target and destroy cancer cells?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

    <p>Hertz (Hz)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ionizing radiation?

    <p>It has enough energy to ionize atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using X-rays in medical imaging?

    <p>They can enable detailed internal imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of period of a wave?

    <p>The time taken by the wave to move one wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why non-ionizing radiation, such as visible light, is considered safer than ionizing radiation?

    <p>It does not have enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a wave?

    <p>Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health risk associated with prolonged exposure to X-rays?

    <p>Cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the World Health Organization recommends minimizing exposure to microwave radiation?

    <p>It is a precautionary measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental property of electromagnetic radiation that allows it to travel through a vacuum?

    <p>It has a dual nature of wave and particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the wave-like behavior of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>The bending of light around a corner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon in which electromagnetic radiation exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties?

    <p>Wave-particle dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is used in medical diagnostics and treatments?

    <p>X-rays and gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

    <p>3 x 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the oscillating electric field and magnetic field in electromagnetic wave propagation?

    <p>They are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon in which electromagnetic radiation exhibits the property of bending around a corner or obstacle?

    <p>Diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the filters that allow only waves oscillating in a specific direction to pass through?

    <p>Polarization filters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an application of electromagnetic radiation in everyday technology?

    <p>Remote controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the principle behind the propagation of electromagnetic waves?

    <p>Mutual induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why ultrasound is used in material testing?

    <p>To detect flaws in materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of frequencies used in ultrasonic cleaners?

    <p>20-40 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ultrasound in physical therapy?

    <p>To generate localized heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of ultrasound imaging?

    <p>Reflection of sound waves at boundaries between different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fastest speed at which information or matter can travel?

    <p>3 × 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of electromagnetic radiation that allows it to exhibit wave-like behavior?

    <p>Reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of ultrasound in medical imaging?

    <p>To visualize muscles and soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of ultrasound used in welding plastics?

    <p>15-40 kHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using ultrasound in pest control?

    <p>Rodents quickly learn to ignore the sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ultrasound and electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Electromagnetic radiation has a wider range of frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the speed of sound is higher in sea water compared to air?

    <p>The particles in sea water are more closely packed, allowing for faster transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bat uses echolocation to navigate its surroundings. What is the primary mechanism by which it achieves this?

    <p>It emits sound waves that reflect off objects, and the bat detects the changes in amplitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of infrasound waves?

    <p>They have a frequency lower than 20 Hz.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the loudness of a sound wave?

    <p>The amplitude of the sound wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the wavelength of a sound wave?

    <p>λ = v/f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why sound waves travel faster in Aluminium compared to air?

    <p>Aluminium has a higher density than air, resulting in faster sound transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an echo?

    <p>It is a sound wave that is reflected off an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring the distance from the equilibrium position to each crest and trough in a wave?

    <p>To calculate the amplitude of the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the pitch of a sound wave?

    <p>The frequency of the sound wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of wave propagation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a transverse wave that allows it to transmit energy without transporting the medium itself?

    <p>The particles of the medium oscillate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crests and troughs in the motion and behavior of transverse waves?

    <p>They are responsible for the oscillatory motion of the medium's particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amplitude and energy of a transverse wave?

    <p>Higher amplitudes correspond to higher energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring the amplitude of a transverse wave?

    <p>To understand the energy carried by the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a transverse wave that allows it to propagate through a medium without the particles moving horizontally?

    <p>The particles of the medium oscillate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the direction of particle motion in a transverse pulse?

    <p>It is perpendicular to the direction of pulse propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the oscillatory motion of the medium's particles in a transverse wave?

    <p>The particles form crests and troughs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the particle motion and wave motion in a transverse wave?

    <p>The particle motion is perpendicular to the wave motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amplitude and pulse length of a pulse?

    <p>They are independent of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'oscillate' option in a transverse wave simulation?

    <p>It allows observation of how particles move in a transverse wave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flicking the rope only once in the investigation of pulses?

    <p>To create a pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the periodic disturbances in a transverse wave?

    <p>The medium experiences a periodic displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pulse that distinguishes it from a wave?

    <p>Its single disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the pulse length of a pulse?

    <p>Meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of amplitude in the context of a transverse wave?

    <p>The maximum disturbance or displacement of the medium from its equilibrium position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increasing the amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>The pulse remains unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the amplitude of a pulse?

    <p>The initial action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring the amplitude and pulse length of a pulse?

    <p>To understand the properties of pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of amplitude in understanding wave behavior?

    <p>It determines the energy of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of points in phase on a wave?

    <p>Points that are separated by an integer multiple of wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of constructive interference between two waves?

    <p>A wave with a larger amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength of a wave equal to?

    <p>The distance between any two adjacent points that are in phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of points in phase on a wave?

    <p>They reach their maximum and minimum displacements at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of points out of phase on a wave?

    <p>Points that are not separated by an integer multiple of wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of a wave represented by?

    <p>The symbol T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the energy of a wave?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of destructive interference between two waves?

    <p>A wave with no amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity that represents the time taken for one complete cycle of a wave to pass a given point?

    <p>Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a pulse that remains constant over time?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of two pulses meeting with equal and opposite amplitudes?

    <p>Destructive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the pulse speed of a transverse pulse?

    <p>Medium properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a wave?

    <p>A periodic, continuous disturbance that consists of a train of pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a transverse wave?

    <p>The particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the pulse speed of a transverse pulse?

    <p>v = D/t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of constructive interference between two pulses?

    <p>A larger pulse is formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the principle of superposition?

    <p>The principle that states that two pulses can occupy the same space at the same time, resulting in the sum of the two disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for measuring the amplitude and pulse length of a transverse pulse?

    <p>To visualize and understand the properties of the pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of destructive interference?

    <p>The partial or complete cancellation of two pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a rarefaction in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>A region where the particles are furthest apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength of a longitudinal wave equal to?

    <p>The distance between two consecutive compressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amplitude of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The maximum displacement from equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of a wave?

    <p>The time taken by the wave to move one wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of a wave?

    <p>The number of wavelengths per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>The period is inversely proportional to the frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the wave speed of a longitudinal wave?

    <p>v = λ / T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of temperature on the speed of sound in a medium?

    <p>The speed of sound increases with increasing temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the frequency of a wave?

    <p>Hertz (Hz)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the speed of sound in air is higher at sea level compared to higher altitudes?

    <p>Increased air pressure at sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment to measure the speed of sound, what is a major source of error that needs to be considered?

    <p>Reaction time when starting and stopping the stopwatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a sound wave that determines how high or low a sound is perceived?

    <p>Pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SONAR in ships?

    <p>To determine ocean depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the wavelength of a sound wave?

    <p>λ = v / f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a sound wave that determines its loudness?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of echolocation in animals?

    <p>To navigate their surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of frequencies that humans can detect?

    <p>20 Hz to 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the temperature on the speed of sound in air?

    <p>It increases the speed of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a sound wave that determines its tone?

    <p>Timbre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical quantity that represents the number of cycles of a wave that pass a given point in one second?

    <p>Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the period of a wave is 2 seconds, what is its frequency?

    <p>0.5 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A wave has a wavelength of 4 meters and a frequency of 10 Hz. What is its wave speed?

    <p>40 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a compression in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>A region where the particles of the medium are closest together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a wave?

    <p>They are directly proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the wavelength of a wave?

    <p>Meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the period of a wave in understanding its behavior?

    <p>It determines the frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a rarefaction in a longitudinal wave?

    <p>The particles of the medium are furthest apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the frequency of a wave?

    <p>Hertz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the period and frequency of a wave?

    <p>They are inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of electromagnetic radiation that distinguishes it from mechanical waves?

    <p>It can travel through the vacuum of space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where electromagnetic radiation exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties?

    <p>Wave-particle duality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of polarization filters in relation to electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>To filter out waves oscillating in a specific direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic wave propagation?

    <p>They are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

    <p>Approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of X-rays and gamma rays in medicine?

    <p>Medical diagnostics and treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of electromagnetic radiation that allows it to travel through the vacuum of space?

    <p>Its lack of need for a medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of frequency used to describe the electromagnetic spectrum?

    <p>Hertz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of interference between electromagnetic waves?

    <p>Constructive and destructive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength range of ultraviolet light?

    <p>10-400 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where electromagnetic radiation exhibits wave-like behavior, such as bending around obstacles?

    <p>Diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of infrared radiation in surveillance?

    <p>Detection of heat differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the discrete packets of energy that make up electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the electromagnetic spectrum that enables it to extend beyond the known limits?

    <p>Continuous and infinite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength of visible light that humans can see?

    <p>400-700 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of gamma rays in food industry?

    <p>Sterilization of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of X-rays?

    <p>3 × 10^17 to 3 × 10^19 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the speed, frequency, and wavelength of an EM wave?

    <p>c = f × λ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of microwaves in communication?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of radio waves?

    <p>Lowest energy and frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of cleaning action in ultrasonic cleaners?

    <p>Energy released from the collapse of microscopic bubbles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of ultrasound in medical imaging?

    <p>Visualizing muscles, soft tissues, and internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of light in a vacuum approximately?

    <p>3 × 10^8 meters per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>It encompasses a wide range of waves, including visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ultrasound in pest control?

    <p>To deter rodents and insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of ultrasound imaging?

    <p>Reflection of ultrasound waves at boundaries between different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of ultrasound in industrial applications?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the electromagnetic spectrum?

    <p>It includes a range of EM radiation types, from radio waves to gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ultrasound in physical therapy?

    <p>To generate localized heat in biological tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary property of electromagnetic radiation that allows it to travel through a vacuum?

    <p>Its particle-like behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation in utilizing the electromagnetic spectrum?

    <p>Practical technological limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is most capable of penetrating the human body?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Their energies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific risk associated with prolonged exposure to microwave radiation?

    <p>Brain cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>To filter out UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using X-rays in medical imaging?

    <p>They enable detailed internal imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of gamma rays in medical treatments?

    <p>To target and destroy cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended precaution to minimize exposure to microwave radiation?

    <p>Using hands-free devices and keeping phones away from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with ionizing radiation?

    <p>Cellular damage and increased cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using gamma rays in medical treatments?

    <p>They can target and destroy cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest penetrating ability in the human body?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>Contributes to skin aging and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is UVB radiation more likely to cause sunburn than UVA radiation?

    <p>Because it affects the outer layer of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason X-rays are useful for medical imaging?

    <p>Because they can penetrate the skin and soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of prolonged exposure to X-rays on the human body?

    <p>It leads to DNA damage and mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Earth's ozone layer important for protecting human health?

    <p>Because it absorbs UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the penetration abilities of UVA and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA radiation penetrates more deeply into the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is most likely to cause DNA damage in skin cells?

    <p>Ultraviolet (UV) light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between X-rays and gamma rays?

    <p>Gamma rays have a shorter wavelength than X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its wavelength?

    <p>The energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to historical accounts, what has been observed in animals before natural disasters?

    <p>Unusual behavior, such as howling or biting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using lead aprons during medical procedures involving X-rays?

    <p>To reduce the risk of cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why sharks tend to move to deeper waters before hurricanes?

    <p>Due to changes in air pressure preceding the hurricane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation found in studies on individuals exposed to gamma radiation?

    <p>An increase in mortality rates from cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommendation to minimize exposure to microwave radiation from cellphones?

    <p>Keep phones away from the body and use hands-free devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an object with an equal number of positive and negative charges?

    <p>It is electrically neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for Planck's constant?

    <p>Joule-seconds (J·s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which objects become charged through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with prolonged exposure to X-rays?

    <p>Cellular damage and increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that acts between static charges?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The electrostatic force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where animals can predict earthquakes and other natural disasters?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of charge carried by electrons?

    <p>Negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>The frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons?

    <p>Tribo-electric series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the behavior observed in rodents before disasters?

    <p>They flee their burrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why animals are able to detect natural signals earlier than humans?

    <p>They are able to detect certain natural signals, such as the early tremors of an earthquake, much earlier than humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the skepticism about animal behaviors as predictors of natural disasters?

    <p>They are often reported in hindsight, leading to a potential bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a neutral object?

    <p>Equal numbers of positive and negative charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge when two identical conducting spheres come into contact?

    <p>The charge is shared equally between the two spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the collection of charge at sharp points on conductors?

    <p>High curvature of the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of like charges interacting with each other?

    <p>Repulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of conservation of charge?

    <p>The net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a conductor?

    <p>Electrons are free to move relatively freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lightning rods?

    <p>To safely channel away excess charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of opposite charges interacting with each other?

    <p>Attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge on an insulator when an excess charge is placed on it?

    <p>The charge remains concentrated at the point of contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the distribution of charge on a conductor?

    <p>Electrostatic force between like charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of gamma rays on the human body?

    <p>Causing DNA double-strand breaks, leading to mutations and cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is capable of ionizing atoms and molecules, leading to chemical changes and biological damage?

    <p>Ionizing radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

    <p>Providing significant protection against UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of X-rays on molecular bonds?

    <p>Breaking molecular bonds and creating ions, leading to DNA damage and an increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using shielding materials such as lead or thick concrete in protecting against gamma rays?

    <p>To prevent DNA damage and reduce the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>Penetrating deeply into the skin, causing DNA damage and contributing to the aging of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using sunscreens with a sun protection factor (SPF) rating?

    <p>To block UV radiation and protect the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVB radiation on the skin?

    <p>Causing sunburn and increasing the risk of skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using protective eyewear for individuals who work with or are exposed to high levels of UV radiation?

    <p>To shield the eyes from UV radiation and prevent conditions such as photokeratitis and cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Not having enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules, but still posing health risks with prolonged exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the magnitude of the charge carried by a proton?

    <p>1.6 × 10^(-19) C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of charge quantisation?

    <p>Any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a charged object is brought close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>A small separation of charges within the insulator occurs, creating a polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force that acts between static electric charges?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strength of the electrostatic force proportional to?

    <p>The inverse square of the distance between the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two conductors touch each other?

    <p>They share the total charge between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for materials that consist of molecules with distinct positive and negative sides?

    <p>Polarised materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between conductors and insulators?

    <p>Conductors allow free movement of electrons, while insulators do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for charge?

    <p>Coulombs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of electrons moving slightly towards a charged object, while positive nuclei move slightly away?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why insulators do not distribute charge evenly?

    <p>Because the electrons are not able to move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that acts between static electric charges?

    <p>Coulomb force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of a conductor?

    <p>The resistance decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do light bulbs have high resistance?

    <p>Because they have a thin filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the length of a conductor and its resistance?

    <p>The longer the conductor, the higher its resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of resistance at a microscopic level?

    <p>Collisions between electrons and the atoms that make up the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of resistance?

    <p>The opposition to the flow of electric charge in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do wires connecting a light bulb to a power source have lower resistance?

    <p>Because they have a larger cross-sectional area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>The ability to allow free movement of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two identical charges?

    <p>Away from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the potential difference measured across a battery's terminals when it is not connected to a circuit?

    <p>Electromotive force (EMF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force between them?

    <p>The force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a charged object induces a separation of charge within a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference between two points in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of potential difference?

    <p>The energy required to move a charge from one point to another in an electric field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>Electrons can move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for current in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Ampere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of rubbing a glass rod with silk on the charge of the glass rod?

    <p>The glass rod becomes positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of current in a circuit?

    <p>The rate at which charge flows through a point in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the experiment involving rubbing a glass rod with silk and bringing it close to a similarly charged glass rod?

    <p>To demonstrate the repulsion between like charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of internal resistance on the terminal voltage of a battery?

    <p>It decreases the terminal voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of connecting an ammeter in series with a circuit component?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through the circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the work done and the charge moved in an electric field?

    <p>The work done is directly proportional to the charge moved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for potential difference?

    <p>Volts (V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials with natural dipoles?

    <p>They have molecules that are naturally polarised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excess charge on a conductor?

    <p>It spreads out uniformly over the surface of the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the resistivity of a material and its resistance?

    <p>As the resistivity of a material increases, its resistance increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total resistance when resistors are connected in series?

    <p>The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a superconductor in electric circuits?

    <p>To conduct electricity without energy loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do batteries go flat?

    <p>Because all the chemical potential energy is converted into other forms of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in electric circuits?

    <p>To measure the potential difference across two points in a circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the voltage across each resistor when resistors are connected in parallel?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a light bulb filament in an electric circuit?

    <p>To convert electrical energy into heat and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the cross-sectional area of a conductor and its resistance?

    <p>The resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a switch in an electric circuit?

    <p>To control the current flow in the circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the attraction between the glass rod and the plastic rod in the electrostatic force investigation?

    <p>The glass rod is positively charged and the plastic rod is negatively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the elementary charge in the principle of charge quantisation?

    <p>It is the fundamental unit of charge in the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of polarisation on a neutral insulator?

    <p>It induces a separation of charges within the insulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the electric field and the dipole alignment in polarised materials?

    <p>The electric field aligns the dipoles in the same direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Millikan's oil drop experiment?

    <p>It measured the charge of an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for charge in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Coulomb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the attraction between the water molecules and a positively charged rod?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of charge quantisation?

    <p>Any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of polarisation on a neutral insulator in the presence of a charged object?

    <p>It induces a temporary separation of charges within the insulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the charge on a single electron?

    <p>It is a fundamental constant in physics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the current being the same at every point in a series circuit?

    <p>There is only one path for the current to flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding resistors in series to a circuit?

    <p>The total resistance of the circuit increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a series circuit that makes it act as a voltage divider?

    <p>The total voltage across the series combination of resistors is the sum of the voltages across each individual resistor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of parallel circuits?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same as the voltage across the battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>The total resistance of the circuit decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance of a series circuit?

    <p>Rs = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance of a parallel circuit?

    <p>Rs = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of voltage division in a series circuit?

    <p>The total voltage across the series combination of resistors is the sum of the voltages across each individual resistor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage and current in a series circuit?

    <p>The voltage is inversely proportional to the current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a parallel circuit that allows it to be used as a voltage source?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same as the voltage across the battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>The overall resistance of the circuit decreases, resulting in an increase in the total current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor and the battery voltage in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same as the battery voltage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total current in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I_total = I_1 + I_2 + I_3 + ...</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the currents through each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The currents through each resistor are inversely proportional to the resistance of each resistor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increasing the number of parallel branches in a circuit?

    <p>The total current supplied by the battery increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy and can penetrate the skin and soft tissues to varying degrees?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>Contributing to skin aging and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why UVB radiation is a major contributor to skin cancer?

    <p>It has the ability to excite DNA molecules in skin cells, leading to mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Earth's ozone layer in relation to UVB radiation?

    <p>It provides a significant shield against UVB radiation, reducing the amount that reaches the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is mostly reflected off the surface of the human body?

    <p>Visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays are useful for medical imaging?

    <p>They can penetrate the skin and soft tissues, allowing for visualization of bones and internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the frequency and energy of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Higher frequency radiation has higher energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of prolonged or uncontrolled exposure to X-rays on the human body?

    <p>It can cause cellular damage, leading to mutations and cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which ionizing radiation increases the risk of cancer?

    <p>By causing DNA double-strand breaks and potentially leading to mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is capable of passing through the skin and into deeper tissues, potentially causing DNA alterations and cellular damage?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Their ability to ionize atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>It penetrates deeply into the skin, affecting the dermis and contributing to the aging of the skin, DNA damage, and possibly skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanin in protecting the skin against UV radiation?

    <p>To block UV radiation and prevent it from penetrating the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hazard of gamma radiation exposure?

    <p>It can cause DNA double-strand breaks and lead to cancer and hereditary diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using shielding materials such as lead or thick concrete in protecting against gamma radiation?

    <p>To block gamma radiation and prevent it from penetrating the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high-intensity UVB light on the eyes?

    <p>It can cause photokeratitis and cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of wearing sun-protective clothing with a UPF rating?

    <p>To block UV radiation and prevent it from penetrating the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVB and UVA radiation in terms of their effects on the skin?

    <p>UVB radiation affects the outer layer of the skin, while UVA radiation affects the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using polycarbonate lenses in glasses?

    <p>Improved UV protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main health concern associated with prolonged exposure to X-rays?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency?

    <p>The energy of a photon is directly related to the frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of gamma rays that makes them particularly hazardous?

    <p>Ability to penetrate deeply into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended precaution to minimize exposure to microwave radiation from cellphones?

    <p>Use hands-free devices and keep phones away from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where animals exhibit unusual behavior before natural disasters?

    <p>Animal forecasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of Planck's constant?

    <p>6.63 × 10^-34 J·s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the energy of a photon?

    <p>E = hf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the energy of photons with high frequency and low frequency?

    <p>High frequency photons have more energy, while low frequency photons have less energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the correlation between radiation exposure and increased mortality from certain diseases?

    <p>Cellular damage caused by radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental unit of charge, known as the elementary charge, carried by a single electron?

    <p>1.6 × 10^-19 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when a charged object exerts a force on a neutral insulator due to the shift in the positions of the electrons and nuclei within the atoms?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of materials that allows electrons to move freely through them, enabling them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>Conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that acts between static electric charges, characterised by the properties of like charges repelling and opposite charges attracting?

    <p>Coulomb force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for charge in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Coulomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the experiment that measured the charge of an electron?

    <p>Millikan's oil drop experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge?

    <p>Principle of charge quantisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of insulators that prevents the even distribution of charge?

    <p>Immobility of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?

    <p>Inversely proportional to the square</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why animals are able to detect natural disasters before they occur?

    <p>They are sensitive to subtle changes in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force that acts between two charges of opposite types, causing them to attract each other?

    <p>Attractive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted by static charges on each other?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an object has an equal number of positive and negative charges?

    <p>It becomes electrically neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which objects can become charged through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of motion of particles relative to the direction of wave propagation in a transverse wave?

    <p>Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measurement of how long a pulse is from one end to the other?

    <p>Pulse length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of two pulses meeting with equal and opposite amplitudes?

    <p>Destructive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of points in phase on a wave?

    <p>They have the same phase angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of amplitude in understanding wave behavior?

    <p>It determines the energy of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of constructive interference between two waves?

    <p>A wave with a larger amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle that explains the transfer of electrons between materials during tribo-electric charging?

    <p>Conservation of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a conductor that allows it to distribute charge across its surface?

    <p>Electrons can move relatively freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the electrostatic force on the distribution of charge on a spherical conductor?

    <p>Charge is distributed uniformly over the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lightning rods on buildings?

    <p>To safely channel away excess charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process?

    <p>Conservation of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an insulator that prevents the movement of charge throughout the material?

    <p>Electrons are bound tightly to the atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the final charge on each sphere after two identical conducting spheres come into contact?

    <p>Q = (Q1 + Q2)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the concentration of charge at sharp points on conductors?

    <p>Charge is leaked off the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the collection of charge at sharp points on conductors?

    <p>The high concentration of charge at sharp points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the principle of conservation of charge in understanding electrostatic interactions?

    <p>To describe the behavior of charged objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a positively charged glass rod attracts a negatively charged plastic rod?

    <p>The opposite charges of the two rods create an attractive force between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the quantisation of charge?

    <p>It states that charges can only be created in discrete amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a charged object being brought close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>The insulator experiences a polarisation effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the elementary charge?

    <p>Coulombs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the experiment known as Millikan's oil drop experiment?

    <p>It measured the charge of an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alignment of polarised molecules in response to an electric field?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a positively charged rod being brought close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules are attracted to the rod due to polarisation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials that are naturally polarised?

    <p>They have distinct positive and negative sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the smallest unit of charge that can exist independently?

    <p>Elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the experiment that demonstrates the principles of electrostatic force?

    <p>To demonstrate the attraction and repulsion between charged objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the distribution of charge on a conductor?

    <p>Like charges repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of two identical conductors touching and then separating?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two opposite charges?

    <p>Attractive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of potential difference?

    <p>The work done per unit charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of polarisation in water when a positively charged rod is brought close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the distance between two charges and the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force is inversely proportional to the distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rubbing a glass rod with silk in the investigation of electrostatic force?

    <p>To transfer positive charge to the glass rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for excess charge on an insulator to remain localized?

    <p>Electrons in insulators cannot move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a negatively charged rod close to a positively charged rod?

    <p>The rods attract each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrostatic force between two charges with opposite signs?

    <p>Attractive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the electromotive force (EMF) and the terminal voltage of a battery?

    <p>EMF is the maximum potential difference, while terminal voltage is the actual potential difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bringing a differently charged rod close to a hanging glass rod in the investigation of electrostatic force?

    <p>Attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of resistance in a conductor at a microscopic level?

    <p>Collisions between electrons and atoms of the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polarisation when a charged rod is brought near a neutral insulator?

    <p>The insulator becomes polarised, with a slight separation of charge within the atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohms (Ω)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>The ability of electrons to move freely through the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of electromotive force (EMF)?

    <p>The maximum work done per unit charge to move it through the entire circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance is doubled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance is halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the flow of charge and the current in a circuit?

    <p>The flow of charge refers to the movement of charge through a circuit, while current refers to the rate at which charge flows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of connecting an ammeter in series with a circuit component?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through the circuit component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alignment of water molecules in response to an electric field?

    <p>Polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polarisation when a charged rod is brought near a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for a cellphone charger to get warm during use?

    <p>Collisions between electrons and atoms of the conductor cause heat generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials with natural dipoles?

    <p>They have molecules that are naturally polarised, with distinct positive and negative sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the resistance of a conductor?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The sum of the currents through each resistor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the overall resistance of the circuit when more resistors are added in parallel?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The same for each resistor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current through a resistor and its resistance in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The current is inversely proportional to the resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the number of resistors in a parallel circuit on the total current supplied by the battery?

    <p>It increases the total current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total resistance when resistors are added in series to a circuit?

    <p>It increases as the number of resistors increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The same as the voltage across the battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the resistance of a material?

    <p>Resistivity of the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current and voltage in a series circuit?

    <p>The current is governed by Ohm's Law, I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total resistance of a circuit with three resistors connected in series, each with a resistance of 2 ohms?

    <p>6 ohms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a resistor in a cellphone charger?

    <p>To regulate the flow of current to the battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total current in a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?

    <p>It increases as the number of resistors increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a superconductor?

    <p>It has zero resistance at very low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?

    <p>1/R_P = 1/R_1 + 1/R_2 + ... + 1/R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a series circuit that ensures the same current flows through each resistor?

    <p>There is only one path for the current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a battery go flat?

    <p>Because the electrical energy is converted into heat and light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrument is used to measure the current flowing through a circuit?

    <p>Ammeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>The total resistance decreases and the total current increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit and the total voltage across the battery?

    <p>The sum of the voltages across each resistor is equal to the total voltage across the battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?

    <p>To allow the circuit to be opened or closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the total resistance and the individual resistances when resistors are connected in parallel?

    <p>The total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of voltage division in a series circuit?

    <p>To distribute the total voltage among the resistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of connecting resistors in series on the current flow through each resistor?

    <p>The current through each resistor is the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit that ensures the voltage across each resistor is the same?

    <p>The start and end points for all the resistors are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the voltage across a component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays can penetrate the skin and soft tissues?

    <p>Because they have higher energy compared to visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is responsible for causing sunburn?

    <p>UVB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Earth's ozone layer?

    <p>To shield against UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>It penetrates deeply into the skin, causing skin aging and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why visible light is unable to penetrate deeply into the skin?

    <p>Because it is reflected off the skin's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA penetrates deeply into the skin, while UVB affects the outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-rays useful for medical imaging?

    <p>Because they can penetrate the skin and soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of prolonged exposure to X-rays on the body?

    <p>It can cause cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which ionizing radiation causes biological damage?

    <p>By breaking molecular bonds and creating ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is most likely to cause DNA double-strand breaks?

    <p>Gamma radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in relation to UV radiation?

    <p>To provide protection against UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is least likely to cause DNA damage?

    <p>Visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of wearing sun-protective clothing with a UPF rating?

    <p>To provide protection against both UVA and UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body protects itself against UV radiation?

    <p>By releasing melanin to block UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is most likely to cause burns?

    <p>Infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using lead or thick concrete in protection against gamma radiation?

    <p>To provide shielding against gamma radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVB radiation on the skin?

    <p>It causes sunburn and increases the risk of skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is most likely to pose a health risk with prolonged exposure?

    <p>All types of radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for minimizing exposure to X-rays?

    <p>To reduce the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between radiation exposure and mortality from certain types of cancer?

    <p>There is a correlation between radiation exposure and increased mortality from leukemia, lung cancer, and liver cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of cellphones and microwave radiation?

    <p>The potential link to brain cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency?

    <p>The energy of a photon is directly related to its frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of Planck's constant?

    <p>6.63 × 10^(-34) J·s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the energy of a photon?

    <p>E = hf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon observed in animals before natural disasters?

    <p>Animal behavior and natural disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical account of animals predicting earthquakes?

    <p>A massive exodus of animals from the Greek city of Helice in 373 A.D.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the behavior observed in dogs and cats before natural disasters?

    <p>Howling and biting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using hands-free devices to minimize exposure to microwave radiation?

    <p>To reduce direct exposure to microwave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental unit of charge?

    <p>Elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge?

    <p>Quantisation of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where a charged object induces a shift in the positions of electrons and nuclei within the atoms of a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of materials that allows electrons to move freely through them?

    <p>Conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that acts between static electric charges?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?

    <p>Inversely proportional to the square</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of charge that is carried by a single electron?

    <p>Negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the experiment that measured the charge of an electron?

    <p>Millikan's oil drop experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of materials that have distinct positive and negative sides while being electrically neutral overall?

    <p>Polarised materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total charge when two charged objects come into contact and then separate?

    <p>The total charge remains constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two conductors touch?

    <p>They share the total charge between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a conductor that allows it to distribute charge across its surface?

    <p>The mobility of its electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge on a spherical conductor when an excess charge is placed on it?

    <p>The charge spreads out uniformly over the surface of the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a lightning rod on a building?

    <p>To safely channel away any excess charge that might accumulate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a sharp point on a conductor?

    <p>The charge leaks off the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the final charge on each sphere when two identical conducting spheres come into contact?

    <p>Q = (Q1 + Q2)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an insulator?

    <p>The ability to bind electrons tightly to the atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the repulsive forces between like charges on a conductor?

    <p>The charges repel each other and spread out uniformly over the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process?

    <p>The principle of conservation of charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the concentration of charge near the points of a conductor with an irregular shape?

    <p>The charge is concentrated at the points of the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why animals are able to detect natural disasters before they occur?

    <p>They can detect certain natural signals, such as early tremors of an earthquake, earlier than humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted by static charges on each other?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of rubbing a plastic ruler against a cotton cloth?

    <p>The ruler becomes negatively charged and the cloth becomes positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of objects becoming charged through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force between two charges?

    <p>Like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an object that has equal amounts of positive and negative charge?

    <p>Electrically neutral object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the carrier of positive charge in an object?

    <p>Protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increasing the distance between two charges?

    <p>The electrostatic force between them decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of materials in a series based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons?

    <p>Tribo-electric series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some researchers are skeptical about the reliability of animal behaviors as predictors of natural disasters?

    <p>Because animal behaviors are often observed only in hindsight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an ammeter in an electrical circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of internal resistance on the terminal voltage of a battery?

    <p>It decreases the terminal voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of current in an electrical circuit?

    <p>The rate at which charge flows through a point in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of polarisation in a neutral insulator?

    <p>To create a dipole within the atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of conductors that allows them to distribute charge evenly?

    <p>Their ability to move charge freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the EMF and terminal voltage of a battery?

    <p>The EMF is always greater than the terminal voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for electromotive force?

    <p>Volt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the localization of excess charge on an insulator?

    <p>The electrons are not able to move freely in the insulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a negatively charged rod close to a positively charged rod?

    <p>Attraction between the rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of connecting two identical conductors?

    <p>They will share the total charge equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of resistance in a conductor at a microscopic level?

    <p>The collisions between the electrons and the atoms of the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of electromotive force?

    <p>The maximum work done per unit charge to move it through a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ammeter in a series circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance doubles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the alignment of water molecules in response to an electric field?

    <p>The water molecules are dipolar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the heat generated by a cellphone charger during use?

    <p>The collisions between the electrons and the atoms of the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the electrostatic force between two charges?

    <p>The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of a material that affects its resistance?

    <p>Intrinsic resistivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why water molecules are attracted to a positively charged rod?

    <p>The water molecules are polarized and align their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of two identical conductors touching and then separating?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge after separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of potential difference?

    <p>The work done per unit charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a conductor?

    <p>Electrons are able to move freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of rubbing a glass rod with silk?

    <p>The glass rod becomes positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an insulator?

    <p>Electrons are unable to move freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a battery or power source in an electric circuit?

    <p>To provide a driving force to initiate and maintain the flow of electric charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the electrostatic force between two opposite charges?

    <p>The force is attractive and pulling them together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a glass rod rubbed with silk becomes positively charged?

    <p>The glass rod loses electrons to the silk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the elementary charge (e) in the context of electrostatics?

    <p>It is the fundamental unit of charge that all other charges are multiples of.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between conductors and insulators in the context of electrostatics?

    <p>Electrons can move freely in conductors, but not in insulators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon that occurs when a charged object is brought close to a neutral insulator, resulting in a small separation of charges within the insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of charge in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Coulomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Millikan's oil drop experiment in the context of electrostatics?

    <p>It measured the charge of an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of polarisation on a neutral insulator?

    <p>It remains neutral, but experiences a force due to the induced dipole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>Decrease the overall resistance of the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of molecules that are naturally polarised, such as water?

    <p>They have distinct positive and negative sides, but are electrically neutral overall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the electric force and the distance between charges?

    <p>The electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The sum of the currents through each resistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the current through a resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge?

    <p>The principle of charge quantisation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the total current increasing when more resistors are added in parallel?

    <p>The resistors create additional paths for current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of series resistors that makes them act as voltage dividers?

    <p>The total voltage across the series combination of resistors is the sum of the voltages across each individual resistor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (R_S) of resistors in series?

    <p>R_S = R_1 + R_2 + … + R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of parallel circuits that ensures the total current splits across the different paths?

    <p>Multiple paths for current to flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance (R_P) of a parallel circuit?

    <p>R_P = 1/R_1 + 1/R_2 + … + 1/R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total resistance of a circuit when resistors are added in series?

    <p>The total resistance increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage and current in a series circuit?

    <p>I = V/R_S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same as the voltage across the battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of series resistors that makes them behave like a single resistor?

    <p>There is only one path for the current to flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the number of resistors in a parallel circuit on the total resistance?

    <p>The total resistance decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage and current in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V/R_P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the resistance of a material?

    <p>Resistivity of the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a series configuration, what is the relationship between the voltage drop across each resistor and the current through each resistor?

    <p>The voltage drop across each resistor is different, but the current through each resistor is the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a superconductor in an electrical circuit?

    <p>To conduct electricity without energy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a battery goes flat?

    <p>The chemical potential energy is converted into electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a parallel configuration, what is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor and the current through each resistor?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same, but the current through each resistor can be different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a resistor in an electrical circuit?

    <p>To control the current flow and voltage in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a series configuration?

    <p>R_total = R_1 + R_2 + ... + R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the voltage across a component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a series and parallel configuration?

    <p>The total resistance in a series configuration is greater than the total resistance in a parallel configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays are used in medical imaging?

    <p>Because they have high energy and can penetrate the skin and soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of EM radiation is primarily responsible for skin aging and DNA damage?

    <p>UVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why UVB radiation is able to cause sunburn?

    <p>Because it affects the outer layer of the skin, causing DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Earth's ozone layer in relation to UV radiation?

    <p>To absorb UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of visible light in relation to the human body?

    <p>It is reflected off the surface of the human body and does not penetrate deeply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding gamma rays exposure?

    <p>Their ability to penetrate most materials and cause DNA alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays can cause cellular damage if exposure is prolonged or not properly controlled?

    <p>Because they have high energy and can penetrate the skin and soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between X-rays and gamma rays?

    <p>Their energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA penetrates deeply into the skin, while UVB affects the outer layer of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of X-rays that makes them useful for medical imaging?

    <p>They have high energy and can penetrate the skin and soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using shielding materials such as lead or thick concrete?

    <p>To protect against gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVB radiation on the skin?

    <p>Causes sunburn and increases the risk of skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

    <p>To provide significant protection against UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high-intensity UVB light on the eyes?

    <p>Causes cataracts and photokeratitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Their energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of melanin in the body?

    <p>To tan the skin and help block UV penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sun-tan lotion or sunscreen?

    <p>To provide additional protection against UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>Penetrates deeply into the skin and contributes to the aging of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind sharks moving to deeper waters before hurricanes?

    <p>Sharks are sensitive to changes in air pressure preceding the hurricane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind rodents fleeing their burrows before disasters?

    <p>Rodents are sensitive to subtle changes in the Earth's tilting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted by static charges on each other?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of objects becoming charged through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of like charges interacting with each other?

    <p>Repulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of opposite charges interacting with each other?

    <p>Attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that determines the strength of the electrostatic force?

    <p>The distance between the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for objects that have equal amounts of positive and negative charge?

    <p>Electrically neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of making an object positively charged?

    <p>Removing electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the series of materials that can be arranged based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons?

    <p>Tribo-electric series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why electrons cannot move freely in insulators?

    <p>Because the electrons are bound to the atoms and cannot move freely through the material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of charge in which charges are often measured in electrostatics?

    <p>Nanocoulombs (nC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon that occurs when a charged object is brought close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of conductors that allows them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>Free movement of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that acts between static electric charges?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula that represents the principle of charge quantisation?

    <p>Q = n * q_e</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using polycarbonate lenses in glasses?

    <p>They provide better UV protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of like charges?

    <p>They repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with X-rays in medical imaging?

    <p>They can cause cellular damage and increase the risk of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a charged object?

    <p>It has an imbalance in the number of positive and negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of gamma radiation on living tissues?

    <p>It can cause cellular damage and increase the risk of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>It decreases the force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conducting spheres come into contact and share their total charge?

    <p>The charge on each sphere is equally distributed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended precaution to minimize exposure to microwave radiation from cellphones?

    <p>Using a hands-free device and keeping the phone away from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do sharp points on conductors cause charge to leak off?

    <p>Due to the high concentration of charge at the points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of charge carried by a single electron?

    <p>Elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of conservation of charge?

    <p>The total charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency?

    <p>The energy of a photon increases with higher frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Millikan's oil drop experiment?

    <p>To measure the charge of an electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between conductors and insulators?

    <p>Conductors allow electrons to move freely, while insulators do not allow electrons to move freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for Planck's constant?

    <p>Joule-seconds (J·s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge on a conductor when an excess charge is placed on it?

    <p>The charge spreads out uniformly over the surface of the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observed behavior of dogs and cats before natural disasters?

    <p>They start to howl or bite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why animals may be able to predict natural disasters?

    <p>They can detect changes in the Earth's magnetic field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a lightning rod on a building?

    <p>To safely channel away any excess charge that might accumulate, reducing the risk of a lightning strike.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the electrostatic force on the surface of a spherical conductor?

    <p>The charge is spread out uniformly over the surface of the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between radiation exposure and mortality in individuals exposed to gamma radiation?

    <p>There is a positive correlation between radiation exposure and mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the principle of conservation of charge in understanding electrostatic interactions?

    <p>It states that the total charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process, which is crucial in understanding electrostatic interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of gamma radiation?

    <p>It has high energy and can penetrate deeply into tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between like charges and opposite charges?

    <p>Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the distribution of charge on a conductor being uniform?

    <p>The repulsion of like charges on the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two oppositely charged objects?

    <p>Parallel to the line joining the centers of the objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for potential difference?

    <p>Volts (V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for potential difference?

    <p>V = W / Q</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference between two points in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conductors touch and share a total charge?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why a glass rod rubbed with silk becomes positively charged?

    <p>The silk transfers negative charge to the glass rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two like charges?

    <p>Away from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the experiment that measured the charge of an electron?

    <p>Millikan's oil drop experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of water molecules that causes them to align with an electric field?

    <p>Dipolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a neutral insulator becomes polarised due to the presence of a charged object?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that drives the movement of charges in an electric circuit?

    <p>Electromotive force (EMF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of charge in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Coulomb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?

    <p>The strength of the electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the principle that states that any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge?

    <p>Principle of charge quantisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the attraction between opposite charges?

    <p>Electrostatic attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of charge carried by a single electron?

    <p>Elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polarisation in a neutral insulator?

    <p>The insulator remains neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of electrons in a conductor?

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the electromotive force and the terminal voltage of a battery?

    <p>The electromotive force is the maximum potential difference, while the terminal voltage is the actual potential difference across the battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polarisation when a charged object is brought near a neutral insulator?

    <p>The electrons in the insulator are attracted to the charged object, while the positively charged nuclei are repelled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials with natural dipoles?

    <p>They have distinct positive and negative sides while being electrically neutral overall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two conductors touch?

    <p>They share the total charge equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for current?

    <p>Amps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of current?

    <p>The rate at which charge flows through a point in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the electromotive force and the work done on a unit charge?

    <p>The electromotive force is the maximum work done on a unit charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of internal resistance and the energy used to drive the charge through the battery on the terminal voltage?

    <p>It decreases the terminal voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why materials with high resistivity have high resistance?

    <p>They have low conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When resistors are connected in parallel, what is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor and the current through each resistor?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same, but the current through each resistor is different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a light bulb filament in a circuit?

    <p>To convert electrical energy into light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chemical potential energy of a battery as it is used to drive a circuit?

    <p>It is converted into electrical energy, heat, and light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the voltage across a component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of superconductors at very low temperatures?

    <p>They have no resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total resistance of resistors connected in series?

    <p>R_total = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?

    <p>To allow the circuit to be opened or closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the length of a conductor and its resistance?

    <p>The resistance increases as the length increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a resistor in a circuit?

    <p>To control the current flow and voltage in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The sum of the currents through each parallel branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>Decrease the overall resistance of the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The same as the voltage across the other resistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current through each resistor and the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the total current in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I_total = I_1 + I_2 + I_3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the current remaining constant throughout a series circuit?

    <p>There is only one path for the current to flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance of resistors in series?

    <p>R_S = R_1 + R_2 + … + R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a series circuit that makes it act as a voltage divider?

    <p>The total voltage across the battery is divided among the resistors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor and the total voltage in a series circuit?

    <p>V_battery = V_1 + V_2 + … + V_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a parallel circuit?

    <p>There are multiple paths for current to flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance of resistors in parallel?

    <p>1/R_P = 1/R_1 + 1/R_2 + … + 1/R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor and the total voltage in a parallel circuit?

    <p>V_1 = V_2 = V_3 = … = V_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding resistors in parallel on the total resistance?

    <p>The total resistance decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit that affects the current flow?

    <p>Each path carries a portion of the total current depending on its resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current and voltage in a series circuit?

    <p>I = V/R_S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the electrons in an insulator when excess charge is placed on it?

    <p>They remain localized where the charge was deposited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strength of the electrostatic force between two charges proportional to?

    <p>The inverse of the square of the distance between the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a positively charged rod is brought close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of resistance in a conductor?

    <p>The collisions between electrons and atoms in the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the length of a conductor affect its resistance?

    <p>The resistance increases as the length increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of a conductor?

    <p>The resistance decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohms (Ω)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when like charges are brought close together?

    <p>They repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the investigation with the glass rod and silk?

    <p>To demonstrate the principles of electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the opposition to the flow of electric charge in a circuit?

    <p>Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with gamma rays in terms of radiation exposure?

    <p>Their potent ability to cause long-term health effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is responsible for causing DNA double-strand breaks?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Ionizing radiation has higher energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of melanin in protecting against UV radiation?

    <p>To tan the skin and help block UV penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with UVB radiation?

    <p>Increased risk of skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sunscreens with a high SPF rating?

    <p>To protect against UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for minimizing exposure to X-rays during medical procedures?

    <p>To reduce the risk of cellular damage and cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high-intensity UVB light on the eyes?

    <p>It can cause all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency?

    <p>The energy of a photon increases with increasing frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to protect the ozone layer?

    <p>To reduce exposure to UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA radiation affects the dermis, while UVB radiation affects the outer layer of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using hands-free devices when using cellphones?

    <p>To reduce exposure to microwave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where animals predict natural disasters?

    <p>Seismic sensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of shielding materials such as lead or thick concrete in protecting against gamma rays?

    <p>To block gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gamma rays on living tissues?

    <p>They can cause genetic mutations and increase the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the constant used to calculate the energy of a photon?

    <p>Planck's constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its wavelength?

    <p>The energy of a photon decreases with increasing wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do mammograms, which use X-rays, increase the risk of developing breast cancer if conducted too frequently?

    <p>Because X-rays can cause DNA mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the packets of energy that exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties?

    <p>Photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of cellphones and microwave radiation?

    <p>The risk of brain cancer and other health effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy and can penetrate the human body deeply?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>Contributing to skin aging and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Earth's ozone layer important for human health?

    <p>It reduces the amount of UVB radiation that reaches the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of X-rays in medicine?

    <p>To visualize bones and internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frequency of electromagnetic radiation affect its ability to penetrate materials?

    <p>Higher frequency radiation has a higher ability to penetrate materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of UV radiation on DNA molecules in skin cells?

    <p>It excites DNA molecules, leading to mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA radiation affects the dermis, while UVB radiation affects the outer layer of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays can cause cellular damage if exposure is prolonged or not properly controlled?

    <p>Because they have a high energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why sharks tend to move to deeper waters before hurricanes?

    <p>Changes in air pressure preceding the hurricane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted by static charges on each other?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of rubbing a plastic ruler against a cotton cloth?

    <p>The ruler becomes negatively charged and the cloth positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of electrons and the overall charge of an object?

    <p>The object becomes negatively charged when it gains electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons?

    <p>Tribo-electric series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the electrostatic force between two charges?

    <p>It depends on the distance between the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle that explains the transfer of electrons between materials through contact or rubbing?

    <p>Tribo-electric Charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the behaviors of rodents and elephants before natural disasters?

    <p>Rodents are sensitive to subtle changes in the Earth's tilting, while elephants are sensitive to vibrations on the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a conductor that allows it to distribute charge across its surface?

    <p>Mobility of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that determines the arrangement of charge on the surface of a conductor?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some researchers are skeptical about the reliability of animal behaviors as predictors of natural disasters?

    <p>The behaviors are often noted only in hindsight, leading to a potential bias in reporting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an object with a net positive charge?

    <p>It has more positive charges than negative charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge on two identical conducting spheres when they come into contact?

    <p>The total charge is equally distributed between the two spheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a lightning rod on a building?

    <p>To reduce the risk of lightning strikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of transferring charge through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the principle that states that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process?

    <p>Conservation of Charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an insulator that prevents the movement of charge throughout the material?

    <p>Electrons bound tightly to the atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the concentration of charge near the points of a conductor with an irregular shape?

    <p>The charge is concentrated near the points of the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collection of charge at sharp points on a conductor, which can cause charge to leak off?

    <p>Electrostatic induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the distribution of charge on the surface of a conductor?

    <p>To distribute charge evenly throughout the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why charge does not spread out in insulators?

    <p>Because charge cannot move freely in insulators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of charge that is commonly used in electrostatics?

    <p>Microcoulombs (μC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where a charged object exerts a force on a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force that acts between static electric charges?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>Free movement of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conductors touch and share the total charge between them?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The electrostatic force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for materials that have distinct positive and negative sides while still being electrically neutral overall?

    <p>Polarised materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the alignment of dipoles in response to an electric field?

    <p>A force is exerted on the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge?

    <p>Quantisation of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when excess charge is placed on a conductor?

    <p>The charge spreads out uniformly over the surface of the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that acts between static electric charges?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing two identical conductors that touch into contact and then separating them?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two charges of the same type?

    <p>Repulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical expression for potential difference?

    <p>V = W / Q</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference between two points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of motion of the particles in a conductor when an excess charge is placed on it?

    <p>They move freely in random directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force that acts between opposite charges?

    <p>Attractive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force between them?

    <p>The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the strength of the electrostatic force between two charges?

    <p>The distance between the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge on a single electron?

    <p>-1.6 × 10^(-19) C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of charge quantisation?

    <p>Any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a charged object is brought close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>The insulator becomes polarised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>The overall resistance of the circuit decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alignment of molecules in a substance in response to an electric field?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the total current supplied by the battery and the currents through each parallel branch?

    <p>The total current is equal to the sum of the currents through each branch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction between two charged objects with opposite charges?

    <p>Attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the elementary charge in electrostatics?

    <p>It is the smallest unit of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same as the voltage of the battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for a substance to be considered polarised?

    <p>It has a dipole moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total current supplied by the battery when more resistors are added in parallel?

    <p>The total current supplied by the battery increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of polarisation on the behaviour of a neutral insulator?

    <p>It experiences a force when brought close to a charged object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Millikan's oil drop experiment?

    <p>To measure the charge of an electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a light bulb's filament has high resistance?

    <p>To heat up and emit light when current flows through it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of combining resistors in series on the total resistance?

    <p>The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do superconductors conduct electricity without energy loss?

    <p>Because they have zero resistance at very low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a voltmeter in an electric circuit?

    <p>To measure the voltage across two points in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why insulators do not distribute charge evenly?

    <p>Because the electrons cannot move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chemical potential energy of a battery as it is used?

    <p>It is converted into electrical energy to drive the current through the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a cellphone charger gets warm during use?

    <p>Because the resistors in the charger convert some of the electrical energy into heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two like charges?

    <p>Repulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force decreases exponentially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance when resistors are connected in parallel?

    <p>1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why water molecules align with their negative sides towards a positively charged rod?

    <p>Because water molecules are polarized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a switch in an electric circuit?

    <p>To allow the circuit to be opened or closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of resistance in a conductor?

    <p>The collisions between the electrons and the conductor's atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of materials with high resistivity?

    <p>They have high resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance doubles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using resistors in an electric circuit?

    <p>To control the current flow and voltage in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance is halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do light bulbs have high resistance?

    <p>Because they have a thin filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the wires connecting a light bulb to a power source have lower resistance than the bulb itself?

    <p>Because they have a larger cross-sectional area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the flow of electric charge in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between electromotive force (EMF) and terminal voltage?

    <p>EMF is the maximum potential difference, while terminal voltage is the actual potential difference when a circuit is connected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polarisation in an insulator?

    <p>A slight shift in the positions of electrons and nuclei within the atoms of the insulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly?

    <p>The ability to allow electrons to move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for current?

    <p>Coulombs per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of electromotive force (EMF)?

    <p>The maximum work done per unit charge to move it through the entire circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of connecting an ammeter in series with a circuit component?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through the component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polarisation in a material with natural dipoles, such as water?

    <p>The material's molecules align with their negative sides towards the charged rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between open circuit and closed circuit measurements of EMF?

    <p>Open circuit measurement is when the battery is not connected to a circuit, while closed circuit measurement is when the battery is connected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of current?

    <p>The rate at which charge moves past a fixed point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a series resistor circuit?

    <p>Single path for current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is proportional to the resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding resistors in series to a circuit?

    <p>The total resistance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a series circuit?

    <p>R_S = R_1 + R_2 + ... + R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a parallel resistor circuit?

    <p>Multiple paths for current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?

    <p>R_P = 1 / (1/R_1 + 1/R_2 + ... + 1/R_n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>The total resistance decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of resistors in a circuit?

    <p>To divide the voltage across the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current and resistance in a series circuit?

    <p>I = V / R_S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ionizing radiation?

    <p>It has enough energy to ionize atoms and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gamma rays on the human body?

    <p>They can cause DNA double-strand breaks and cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UV and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA radiation affects the outer layer of the skin, while UVB radiation affects the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of melanin in protecting the skin from UV radiation?

    <p>It tans the skin and helps to block UV penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with prolonged exposure to non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>It can cause burns and increase the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Ionizing radiation can cause chemical changes, while non-ionizing radiation cannot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of protective eyewear in protecting against UV radiation?

    <p>To block UV radiation from reaching the eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high-intensity UVB light on the eyes?

    <p>It can cause cataracts and photokeratitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using sunscreen with a high SPF rating?

    <p>It provides protection against UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of shielding materials such as lead or thick concrete in protecting against gamma rays?

    <p>To block gamma radiation from penetrating the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lenses offers better UV protection?

    <p>Plastic lenses, especially polycarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the constant used to calculate the energy of a photon?

    <p>Max Planck's constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between gamma radiation exposure and mortality from certain diseases?

    <p>Leukemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, and skeletal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary precaution to minimize exposure to microwave radiation from cellphones?

    <p>Keeping phones away from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency?

    <p>The energy of a photon increases with higher frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observed behavior of dogs and cats before natural disasters?

    <p>They howl or bite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the behavior of sharks before hurricanes?

    <p>They move to deeper waters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of X-rays on the human body?

    <p>They cause cellular damage and increase the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where animals can predict earthquakes and other natural disasters?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind the behavior of rodents before disasters?

    <p>They are sensitive to subtle changes in the Earth's tilting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the energy of a photon?

    <p>Joules (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net charge of an object with 8 positive charges and 6 negative charges?

    <p>+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>The wavelength decreases with higher frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when objects become charged through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why higher frequency radiation can penetrate materials more effectively?

    <p>Because it has higher energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when like charges interact with each other?

    <p>They repel each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>It penetrates deeply into the skin, causing DNA damage and potentially leading to skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of X-rays in medical imaging?

    <p>To visualize bones and internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the strength of the electrostatic force?

    <p>The distance between the charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted by static charges on each other?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the Earth's ozone layer provide a significant shield against UVB radiation?

    <p>Because it reduces the amount of UVB radiation that reaches the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tribo-electric series in tribo-electric charging?

    <p>To arrange materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when UV radiation interacts with DNA molecules in skin cells?

    <p>It causes DNA mutations that can result in cancerous growths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA penetrates deeply into the skin, while UVB affects the outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when opposite charges interact with each other?

    <p>They attract each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of prolonged exposure to X-rays on the body?

    <p>It causes cellular damage if exposure is not properly controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carried by protons?

    <p>Positive charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is visible light unable to penetrate deeply into the skin?

    <p>Because it is reflected off the surface of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle that explains the behavior of charged objects when they come into contact?

    <p>Conservation of Charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials allow electrons to move relatively freely?

    <p>Conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of like charges interacting with each other?

    <p>They repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concentration of charge at sharp points on conductors?

    <p>Charge Leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conducting spheres come into contact and share the total charge?

    <p>The total charge is shared equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of placing a lightning rod on a building?

    <p>To channel away excess charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the principle that states that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process?

    <p>Conservation of Charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a conductor that allows it to distribute charge across its surface?

    <p>High electron mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of opposite charges interacting with each other?

    <p>They attract each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of charge on the surface of conductors?

    <p>Charge Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental reason why insulators do not allow the spreading out of charge?

    <p>Electrons are bound to the atoms and cannot move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the smallest unit of charge, which is the amount of charge carried by a single electron?

    <p>Elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a charged object brought close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>The insulator becomes polarised, with a small separation of charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between conductors and insulators in terms of charge distribution?

    <p>Conductors allow electrons to move freely, while insulators do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two like charges?

    <p>Repulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?

    <p>Inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for charge?

    <p>Coulombs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a charged object induces a small separation of charges within a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a charged object being brought close to a molecule that is naturally polarised?

    <p>The molecule aligns its dipole in response to the electric field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>Electron mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conductors touch?

    <p>They share the total charge between them, resulting in each having half of the total charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two positive charges?

    <p>Repulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a positively charged rod is brought close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for potential difference?

    <p>Volts (V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why resistors are used in electric circuits?

    <p>To control the current flow and voltage in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When measuring the potential difference between two points in a circuit, where should the voltmeter be connected?

    <p>In parallel with the component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total resistance when resistors are connected in series?

    <p>It becomes the sum of the individual resistances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in an electric circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference across two points in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the distance between charges and the strength of the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force is inversely proportional to the distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a glass rod is rubbed with silk?

    <p>The glass rod becomes positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chemical potential energy of a battery as it is used to drive a circuit?

    <p>It decreases as the battery is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the battery in an electric circuit?

    <p>To provide a driving force for the movement of charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of superconductors?

    <p>They have zero resistance at very low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ammeter in an electric circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of potential difference?

    <p>The energy required to move a charge from one point to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of two identical conductors sharing charge?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>It increases the resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across a resistor and the current flowing through it?

    <p>The voltage is directly proportional to the current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using resistors in a cellphone charger?

    <p>To control the current flow and voltage to charge the battery safely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a light bulb filament has high resistance?

    <p>To heat up and emit light when current flows through it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit?

    <p>To drive the flow of charge around the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between EMF and terminal voltage?

    <p>EMF is the maximum potential difference, while terminal voltage is the actual potential difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for current?

    <p>Coulombs per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a charged object exerts a force on a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>The free movement of electrons within them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bringing a negatively charged rod close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>It induces a shift in the positions of the electrons and nuclei within the atoms, creating a small separation of charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conductors touch and share the total charge?

    <p>Each conductor receives half of the total charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of charge quantisation?

    <p>Any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of motion of electrons in a conductor when excess charge is placed on it?

    <p>Away from the excess charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the charge of an electron?

    <p>Coulombs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a positively charged rod being brought close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the polarisation of a neutral insulator when a charged rod is brought near it?

    <p>The insulator remains neutral, but with an induced dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Millikan's oil drop experiment?

    <p>To measure the charge of an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials with natural dipoles?

    <p>They are always electrically neutral, but with distinct positive and negative sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do water molecules align with their negative sides towards a positively charged rod?

    <p>Because they are dipolar, having distinct positive and negative regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the electrons in a conductor when they collide with the atoms of the conductor?

    <p>They lose kinetic energy and manifest as heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance doubles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of polarisation on a neutral insulator?

    <p>It creates a small separation of charges within the insulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a light bulb has high resistance?

    <p>The thin filament of the bulb causes electrons to lose kinetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the charge on a proton and an electron?

    <p>The charge on a proton is opposite in sign and equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrostatic force between two opposite charges?

    <p>Attractive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the elementary charge?

    <p>It is the charge on a single electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of resistance in a circuit?

    <p>The opposition to the flow of electric charge in a circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of two polarised objects being brought close to each other?

    <p>They attract each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the electrostatic force between two like charges?

    <p>Repulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of one ohm of resistance?

    <p>One volt per ampere of current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on the total current supplied by the battery when more resistors are added in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>The total current increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor and the voltage of the battery in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is equal to the voltage of the battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total current in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I_total = I_1 + I_2 + I_3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the overall resistance of the circuit when more resistors are added in parallel?

    <p>The overall resistance decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for applying Ohm's Law to each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor must be the same as the voltage of the battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a series circuit?

    <p>Single path for current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between voltage and current in a series circuit?

    <p>I = V / R_S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total resistance when resistors are added in series?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?

    <p>Multiple paths for current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?

    <p>1 / R_P = 1 / R_1 + 1 / R_2 + ... + 1 / R_n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the number of resistors in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The total resistance decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The same as the voltage across the battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current in a series circuit?

    <p>The same at every point in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit?

    <p>It decreases as the number of resistors increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of resistors in a circuit?

    <p>To control the voltage and current in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ionizing radiation on biological tissues?

    <p>It breaks molecular bonds, leading to cellular damage and cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the hazardous nature of gamma rays?

    <p>They have high energy and can cause significant biological damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>It penetrates deeply into the skin, affecting the dermis and contributing to DNA damage and skin cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanin in protecting the skin against UV radiation?

    <p>It tans the skin and helps to block UV penetration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Ionizing radiation has higher energy and causes more biological damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVB radiation on the skin?

    <p>It causes DNA damage and contributes to skin cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sunscreens with a high SPF rating?

    <p>To provide protection against UVB radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high-intensity UVB light on the eyes?

    <p>It causes cataracts and photokeratitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why higher frequency radiation can penetrate materials more effectively than lower frequency radiation?

    <p>Higher frequency radiation has more energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>It contributes to skin aging and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of wearing sun-protective clothing with a UPF rating?

    <p>To provide protection against both UVA and UVB radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased risk of breast cancer in younger women who undergo frequent mammograms?

    <p>The ionizing nature of X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of X-rays in medical imaging?

    <p>To penetrate the skin and soft tissues, allowing for visualization of bones and internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding gamma rays in radiation exposure?

    <p>They are a major concern due to their potent ability to cause long-term health effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Earth's ozone layer in relation to UVB radiation?

    <p>It absorbs UVB radiation, reducing the amount that reaches the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between radiation exposure and increased mortality from certain diseases in Russian nuclear workers?

    <p>Leukemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, skeletal cancer, and other solid tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why UV radiation can cause DNA damage and mutations?

    <p>It has enough energy to excite DNA molecules in skin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary precaution to minimize exposure to microwave radiation from cellphones?

    <p>Using hands-free devices and keeping phones away from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its wavelength?

    <p>The energy of a photon increases with higher frequency and decreases with longer wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB radiation in terms of their effect on the skin?

    <p>UVA penetrates more deeply into the skin, while UVB affects the outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon observed in animals, where they exhibit unusual behavior before natural disasters?

    <p>Animal behavior and natural disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays are more effective at penetrating materials than visible light?

    <p>They have more energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of visible light that allows us to see objects?

    <p>It is reflected off the skin's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the constant used to calculate the energy of a photon?

    <p>Planck's constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of gamma rays that makes them dangerous to living tissues?

    <p>Their high energy and ability to penetrate deeply into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the use of lead aprons during medical procedures involving X-rays?

    <p>To protect against the ionizing nature of X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why sharks tend to move to deeper waters before hurricanes?

    <p>Changes in air pressure preceding the hurricane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon observed in the Greek city of Helice in 373 B.C., where animals fled the city before a devastating earthquake?

    <p>The exodus of animals from the city before a natural disaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted by static charges on each other?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the energy of a photon?

    <p>E = hf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of transfer of charge through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons?

    <p>Tribo-electric series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The electrostatic force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the carrier of negative charge?

    <p>Electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of opposite charges interacting with each other?

    <p>They attract each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of making an object positively charged?

    <p>Electron removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of making an object negatively charged?

    <p>Electron addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of like charges interacting with each other?

    <p>They repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum potential difference between the terminals of a battery or power source when no current is flowing through the circuit?

    <p>Electromotive force (EMF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polarisation in an insulator when a charged object is brought near it?

    <p>A dipole is created within the atoms of the insulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two conductors touch and have excess charge?

    <p>The charge is distributed evenly over the surface of both conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for current?

    <p>I = Q / Δt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between EMF and terminal voltage?

    <p>EMF is the maximum potential difference, while terminal voltage is the actual potential difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a material with natural dipoles?

    <p>It is electrically neutral but has distinct positive and negative sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a charged object is brought near a neutral insulator?

    <p>The insulator attracts the charged object due to polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the flow of electric charge in a circuit?

    <p>Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of charged objects?

    <p>They have an imbalance in the number of positive and negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a conductor that enables it to distribute charge evenly over its surface?

    <p>The ability to move electrons freely through the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conducting spheres come into contact?

    <p>The charges on the two spheres are added and distributed evenly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a lightning rod on a building?

    <p>To safely channel away any excess charge that might accumulate, reducing the risk of a lightning strike.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two identical charges?

    <p>Repulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in an electric circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference between two points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of conservation of charge?

    <p>The principle that charge is neither created nor destroyed but is merely transferred from one material to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical representation of potential difference?

    <p>V = W/Q</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of conductors?

    <p>They allow electrons to move relatively freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of like charges repelling each other on a conductor?

    <p>The charges spread out uniformly over the surface of the conductor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge on an insulator when an excess charge is placed on it?

    <p>The charge remains concentrated where it was placed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of water molecules that enables them to be attracted to a charged object?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of sharp points on conductors?

    <p>They allow charge to leak off the conductor if the point is sharp enough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing two identical charged rods close to each other?

    <p>Repulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rubbing a glass rod with silk in an electrostatic experiment?

    <p>To transfer positive charge to the glass rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of opposite charges attracting each other?

    <p>The charges attract each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force strength between charges?

    <p>It increases as the distance between charges decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of charge in electrostatics?

    <p>Elementary charge (e)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?

    <p>The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a battery or power source in an electric circuit?

    <p>To provide a driving force for the movement of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of charge quantisation in electrostatics?

    <p>Any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why a glass rod rubbed with silk becomes positively charged?

    <p>Negative charge is transferred from the glass to the silk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a charged object is brought close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>The electrons and nuclei in the insulator are polarised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between conductors and insulators?

    <p>Conductors allow free movement of electrons, while insulators do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of charge in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Coulomb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where a charged object induces a shift in the positions of the electrons and nuclei within the atoms of a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of the electrostatic force that describes the interaction between like charges?

    <p>Like charges repel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for charge in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Coulomb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why insulators do not distribute charge evenly?

    <p>Because the electrons are not able to move freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the experiment that measured the charge of an electron?

    <p>Millikan's oil drop experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical expression of the principle of charge quantisation?

    <p>Q = n * q_e</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Millikan's oil drop experiment in electrostatics?

    <p>It measured the charge of an electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two like charges?

    <p>Repulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials that are naturally polarised?

    <p>They have distinct positive and negative sides, but are electrically neutral overall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why a plastic rod rubbed with fur becomes negatively charged?

    <p>Electrons are added to the plastic, making it negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conductors touch and share a total charge?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of resistance in a conductor?

    <p>Collisions between electrons and atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where a charged object exerts a force on a neutral insulator due to the alignment of the dipoles in response to the electric field?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?

    <p>The strength of the electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the distance between the charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge on a single electron?

    <p>1.6 * 10^(-19) C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohms (Ω)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why water molecules align with their negative sides towards a positively charged rod?

    <p>The water molecules are polarised due to the electric field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bringing a negatively charged rod close to a positively charged rod?

    <p>The rods will attract each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a polarized molecule?

    <p>It has distinct positive and negative regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of understanding resistance in electrical circuits?

    <p>To design and analyze electrical systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a series resistor circuit?

    <p>Single path for current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a series circuit?

    <p>RS = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current and voltage in a series circuit?

    <p>I = V/RS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the ability of electromagnetic radiation to penetrate different materials?

    <p>The frequency of the radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the total resistance when resistors are added in parallel?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the total resistance in a parallel circuit?

    <p>1/RS = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation is responsible for skin aging and DNA damage?

    <p>UVA radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The same for each resistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why X-rays are useful for medical imaging?

    <p>They can penetrate the skin and soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the current when resistors are added in series?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of UV radiation on DNA molecules in skin cells?

    <p>It excites them, leading to mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Earth's ozone layer in relation to UV radiation?

    <p>It provides a shield against UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using resistors in series?

    <p>Voltage division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a parallel resistor circuit?

    <p>Multiple paths for current to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between UVA and UVB radiation?

    <p>UVA affects the dermis, while UVB affects the outer layer of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage and current in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V/RS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prolonged or uncontrolled exposure to X-rays?

    <p>Cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why visible light is not able to penetrate deeply into the body?

    <p>It is reflected off the surface of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the total current supplied by the battery and the currents through each parallel branch in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The total current is equal to the sum of the currents through each branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>The overall resistance of the circuit decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The same for each resistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the currents through each resistor and the total current in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The currents through each resistor are directly proportional to the total current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why a cellphone charger gets warm during use?

    <p>Due to the conversion of electrical energy into heat by the resistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using resistors in electric circuits?

    <p>To control the current flow and voltage in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a material with high resistivity?

    <p>It has high resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total resistance in a series configuration of resistors?

    <p>R_total = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in an electric circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference (voltage) across two points in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a light bulb filament has high resistance?

    <p>To heat up the filament and emit light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a superconductor?

    <p>It has no resistance at very low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why a battery goes flat?

    <p>The chemical potential energy is converted into electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total resistance in a parallel configuration of resistors?

    <p>1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an ammeter in an electric circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which X-rays can increase the risk of cancer?

    <p>By breaking molecular bonds and creating ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of gamma rays that makes them a major concern in radiation exposure?

    <p>Their ability to penetrate most materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Ionizing radiation has a higher energy, while non-ionizing radiation has a lower energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVA radiation on the skin?

    <p>It penetrates deeply into the skin, affecting the dermis and contributing to the aging of the skin, DNA damage, and possibly skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why animals are able to detect natural disasters earlier than humans?

    <p>They are able to detect certain natural signals, such as early tremors of an earthquake, much earlier than humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

    <p>To block UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of UVB radiation on the skin?

    <p>It causes DNA damage and increases the risk of skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge carried by electrons?

    <p>Negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sunscreens?

    <p>To block UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which objects become charged through contact or friction?

    <p>Tribo-electric charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high-intensity UVB light on the eyes?

    <p>It damages the eyes, potentially causing conditions such as photokeratitis and cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force exerted by static charges on each other?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of like charges interacting with each other?

    <p>They repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of protective eyewear against UV radiation?

    <p>It provides full-coverage protection against UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons?

    <p>Tribo-electric series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of wearing sun-protective clothing?

    <p>To block UV radiation, with a UPF rating that indicates the level of protection against both UVA and UVB radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of making an object positively charged?

    <p>It loses electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the distance between charges and the strength of the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force decreases as the distance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an object with six positive charges and six negative charges?

    <p>Neutral charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of opposite charges interacting with each other?

    <p>They attract each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a charged object that induces polarisation in a neutral insulator?

    <p>It has a net electric charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Millikan's oil drop experiment in the context of charge quantisation?

    <p>It showed that charge is quantised, meaning it comes in discrete packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between conductors and insulators in terms of electric charge?

    <p>Conductors allow free movement of electrons, while insulators do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two like charges?

    <p>Repulsive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for the amount of charge carried by a single electron?

    <p>Coulombs (C).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of polarisation on a neutral insulator?

    <p>It creates a small separation of charges within the insulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between charges?

    <p>The strength of the electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of materials that have molecules with distinct positive and negative sides?

    <p>Natural polarisation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conductors touch and share a total charge?

    <p>Each conductor has half of the total charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the electrostatic force between opposite charges?

    <p>It is always attractive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for minimizing exposure to X-rays during medical procedures?

    <p>To prevent cellular damage and increase the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency?

    <p>The energy of a photon is directly related to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the use of cellphones and microwave radiation?

    <p>The potential link to brain cancer and other health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of Planck's constant?

    <p>6.63 x 10^(-34) J·s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gamma rays on tissues?

    <p>They can penetrate deeply into tissues and cause serious damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observed behavior of dogs and cats before natural disasters?

    <p>They howl or bite and exhibit unusual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using hands-free devices and keeping phones away from the body when using cellphones?

    <p>To minimize exposure to microwave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>The wavelength is inversely related to the frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of photons?

    <p>They exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation observed between radiation exposure and increased mortality in individuals exposed to gamma radiation?

    <p>There is a correlation between radiation exposure and increased mortality from leukemia and other solid tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the potential difference created by a battery in an electric circuit?

    <p>To initiate and maintain the flow of electric charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the distribution of charge on a conductor's surface?

    <p>To minimize the electrostatic force between like charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a conductor that allows electrons to move freely?

    <p>The electrons are free to move through the material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the principle of conservation of charge?

    <p>It states that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit?

    <p>To drive the charge around the circuit, enabling current flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrostatic force between two identical conductors that touch and share the total charge?

    <p>The force is zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the electromotive force (EMF) and terminal voltage of a battery?

    <p>EMF is the maximum potential difference, while terminal voltage is slightly less than the EMF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the strength of the electrostatic force and the distance between the charges?

    <p>The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an insulator?

    <p>It does not allow electrons to move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two identical conducting spheres come into contact and share the total charge equally?

    <p>The final charge on each sphere is half of the initial total charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for current in a circuit?

    <p>Amps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?

    <p>To measure the current flowing through a circuit component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the glass rod and the plastic rod attract each other in the experiment?

    <p>The glass rod and the plastic rod have opposite charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of rubbing a glass rod with silk and bringing it close to a plastic rod rubbed with fur?

    <p>The two rods will attract each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a lightning rod on a building?

    <p>To minimize the risk of a lightning strike by collecting charge at sharp points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of charge carried by a single electron?

    <p>-1.6 × 10^-19 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the potential difference?

    <p>V = W/Q</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the collection of charge at sharp points on a conductor?

    <p>The charge is leaked off the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a positively charged rod is brought near a neutral insulator?

    <p>The electrons are attracted, and the nuclei are repelled from the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that states that any charge in the universe is an integer multiple of the elementary charge?

    <p>Quantisation of charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an insulator that prevents the even distribution of charge?

    <p>The electrons are tightly bound to the atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating a dipole within an insulator due to the presence of a charged object?

    <p>Polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the distribution of charge on a conductor?

    <p>The electrostatic force between like charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a charged object is brought close to a neutral insulator?

    <p>Polarisation of the insulator occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials with natural dipoles?

    <p>They have distinct positive and negative sides while being electrically neutral overall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge on a conductor when it is brought into contact with another conductor?

    <p>The charge is shared equally between the two conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle demonstrated by the experiment of rubbing a glass rod with silk and hanging it from a string?

    <p>Electrostatic repulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two conductors touch?

    <p>They share the total charge equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a conductor?

    <p>It allows electrons to move freely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Millikan's oil drop experiment?

    <p>To measure the charge of an electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of conductors that enables them to distribute charge evenly over their surfaces?

    <p>Free movement of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alignment of dipoles in response to an electric field?

    <p>Polarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the concentration of charge near the points of a conductor with an irregular shape?

    <p>The charge is concentrated at the points of the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excess charge being placed on a conductor?

    <p>The charge is distributed evenly over the surface of the conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a charged object on a neutral insulator?

    <p>The insulator is attracted to the charged object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of materials that are naturally polarised?

    <p>They have distinct positive and negative sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the separation of charges within an insulator due to a charged object?

    <p>Induced dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for electric charge?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why insulators do not allow free movement of electrons?

    <p>The electrons are tightly bound to the atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the electrostatic force between two like charges?

    <p>Repulsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the distance between two charges on the electrostatic force?

    <p>The force decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of resistance in a conductor?

    <p>Collisions between electrons and the conductor's atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the length of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of a conductor on its resistance?

    <p>The resistance decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of a material that determines its resistance?

    <p>Resistivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where water molecules align with their negative sides towards a positively charged rod?

    <p>Polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bringing a positively charged rod close to a stream of water?

    <p>The water molecules align with their negative sides towards the rod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total current supplied by the battery in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The sum of the currents through each parallel branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel to a circuit?

    <p>It decreases the overall resistance of the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The same as the voltage across the battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current and resistance of each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The current is inversely proportional to the resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V/R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why superconductors are useful in applications like MRI machines and particle accelerators?

    <p>They can conduct electricity without energy loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When resistors are connected in series, what is the effect on the current through each resistor?

    <p>The current through each resistor is the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a cellphone charger?

    <p>To control the current flow and voltage to charge the battery safely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the length of a conductor and its resistance?

    <p>The resistance increases as the length of the conductor increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do batteries go flat?

    <p>Because the circuit elements resist the flow of charge, converting electrical energy into heat and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a voltmeter in an electric circuit?

    <p>To measure the potential difference (voltage) across two points in a circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of connecting resistors in parallel?

    <p>The total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a light bulb filament?

    <p>To convert electrical energy into heat and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the cross-sectional area of a conductor and its resistance?

    <p>The resistance decreases as the cross-sectional area of the conductor increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a switch in an electric circuit?

    <p>To allow the circuit to be opened or closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a series resistor circuit?

    <p>There is only one path for the current to flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance of a series circuit?

    <p>Rs = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit?

    <p>The sum of the voltages across each resistor is equal to the total voltage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a parallel resistor circuit?

    <p>The current is divided among the resistors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance of a parallel circuit?

    <p>Rp = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + ... + 1 / Rn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current and voltage in a series circuit?

    <p>I = V / Rs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding resistors in series on the total resistance?

    <p>The total resistance increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding resistors in parallel on the total resistance?

    <p>The total resistance decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage across each resistor in a parallel circuit?

    <p>The voltage across each resistor is the same as the total voltage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the current and voltage in a parallel circuit?

    <p>I = V / Rp</p> Signup and view all the answers

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