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Questions and Answers
The effect of attaining maximum amplitude is called ______.
The effect of attaining maximum amplitude is called ______.
resonance
Standing waves are only set up at ______ frequency.
Standing waves are only set up at ______ frequency.
resonance
The fundamental frequency is denoted as ______.
The fundamental frequency is denoted as ______.
f0
If you push the swing at random frequency, the swing bounces around and reaches no great ______.
If you push the swing at random frequency, the swing bounces around and reaches no great ______.
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The simplest of the harmonics is called the fundamental or first ______.
The simplest of the harmonics is called the fundamental or first ______.
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The relationship between length of the string and wavelength is given by the equation L = n______.
The relationship between length of the string and wavelength is given by the equation L = n______.
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When external driving frequency is near natural frequency, the ______ becomes large.
When external driving frequency is near natural frequency, the ______ becomes large.
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These set of all possible standing waves are known as the ______ of a system.
These set of all possible standing waves are known as the ______ of a system.
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The speed of light, denoted as ______, is approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s.
The speed of light, denoted as ______, is approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s.
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Electromagnetic waves consist of travelling electric and magnetic fields that are at right angles to each other and to the direction of ______.
Electromagnetic waves consist of travelling electric and magnetic fields that are at right angles to each other and to the direction of ______.
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The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation is known as the electromagnetic ______.
The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation is known as the electromagnetic ______.
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Waves with a very short wavelength have ______ frequency and high energy.
Waves with a very short wavelength have ______ frequency and high energy.
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Electromagnetic waves are ______ in nature since oscillating electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Electromagnetic waves are ______ in nature since oscillating electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
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The equation v = fλ relates the speed of light, frequency, and ______.
The equation v = fλ relates the speed of light, frequency, and ______.
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Electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum (space) at the speed of ______.
Electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum (space) at the speed of ______.
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The phrase 'Roman Men Invented Very Unusual X-ray Guns' helps to remember the order of the electromagnetic ______.
The phrase 'Roman Men Invented Very Unusual X-ray Guns' helps to remember the order of the electromagnetic ______.
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The speed of a transverse wave in a string is given by v = √[𝜇 / 𝛽], where 𝛽 is the ______.
The speed of a transverse wave in a string is given by v = √[𝜇 / 𝛽], where 𝛽 is the ______.
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The speed of a longitudinal wave in a medium (e.g., liquid/air) is given by v = √[𝜌 / 𝜎], where 𝜌 is the ______.
The speed of a longitudinal wave in a medium (e.g., liquid/air) is given by v = √[𝜌 / 𝜎], where 𝜌 is the ______.
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The speed of a longitudinal wave in a medium (e.g., solid bar) is given by v = √[𝐸 / 𝜌], where 𝐸 is the ______.
The speed of a longitudinal wave in a medium (e.g., solid bar) is given by v = √[𝐸 / 𝜌], where 𝐸 is the ______.
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There are three types of progressive waves: Mechanical Waves, ______ Waves, and Matter Waves.
There are three types of progressive waves: Mechanical Waves, ______ Waves, and Matter Waves.
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Mechanical waves require a material medium (e.g., air, liquid, solid) for their ______.
Mechanical waves require a material medium (e.g., air, liquid, solid) for their ______.
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The wave function of a travelling wave in a positive direction can be expressed as y(x, t) = A sin(kx - ______t).
The wave function of a travelling wave in a positive direction can be expressed as y(x, t) = A sin(kx - ______t).
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Sine function repeats itself when the angle is ______ radians.
Sine function repeats itself when the angle is ______ radians.
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The relationship 𝑣 = 𝜔 / 𝑘 shows how the speed of a wave is related to its angular frequency (𝜔) and ______ (k).
The relationship 𝑣 = 𝜔 / 𝑘 shows how the speed of a wave is related to its angular frequency (𝜔) and ______ (k).
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The relationship between wavelength, frequency and speed of light shows that as wavelength decreases, frequency ______ .
The relationship between wavelength, frequency and speed of light shows that as wavelength decreases, frequency ______ .
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Energy is carried in ______ and is given by the equation E = fh.
Energy is carried in ______ and is given by the equation E = fh.
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Plank's constant is valued at approximately ______ in Joules second.
Plank's constant is valued at approximately ______ in Joules second.
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In space, infrared light helps to map the interstellar ______.
In space, infrared light helps to map the interstellar ______.
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Infrared is used by electrical heaters and cookers for cooking ______.
Infrared is used by electrical heaters and cookers for cooking ______.
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Infrared radiation (IR) can be detected by our bodies through its ______ effect on the skin.
Infrared radiation (IR) can be detected by our bodies through its ______ effect on the skin.
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Radio waves are mainly used for ______ communication and television broadcasting.
Radio waves are mainly used for ______ communication and television broadcasting.
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Microwaves are used for cooking because they are easily ______ by molecules in food.
Microwaves are used for cooking because they are easily ______ by molecules in food.
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X-rays are used in hospitals to take an image of ______ or teeth.
X-rays are used in hospitals to take an image of ______ or teeth.
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Night vision goggles are designed to capture ______ light emitted by warm objects.
Night vision goggles are designed to capture ______ light emitted by warm objects.
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Gamma rays are used in the treatment and detection of ______.
Gamma rays are used in the treatment and detection of ______.
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Infrared sensors are used for various applications including weather forecasting and ______ alarms.
Infrared sensors are used for various applications including weather forecasting and ______ alarms.
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The sun is the main source of ultraviolet ______.
The sun is the main source of ultraviolet ______.
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Ultraviolet light can cause the skin to ______ or burn.
Ultraviolet light can cause the skin to ______ or burn.
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Fluorescent substances are used in energy-efficient lamps to absorb ultraviolet light and re-emit the energy as ______ light.
Fluorescent substances are used in energy-efficient lamps to absorb ultraviolet light and re-emit the energy as ______ light.
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Visible light can be detected by our ______.
Visible light can be detected by our ______.
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Study Notes
Wave Speed
- The speed of a transverse wave in a string is determined by the tension (T) and the linear mass density (μ) of the string: 𝑣 = √(T/μ)
- The speed of a longitudinal wave in a medium (e.g., liquid or air) is determined by the bulk modulus (β) and the density (ρ) of the medium: 𝑣 = √(β/ρ)
- The speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar is determined by the elastic modulus (E) and the density (ρ) of the solid: 𝑣 = √(E/ρ)
Types of Waves
- There are three main types of progressive waves: mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves.
- Mechanical waves require a material medium (e.g., air, liquid, solid) for propagation.
- Electromagnetic waves can travel through both a medium and a vacuum.
- Matter waves are associated with particles like electrons, protons, and even atoms or molecules.
Mathematical Description of Travelling Waves
- The equation for a travelling wave in the positive direction is given by the wave function 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
- A represents the amplitude, k represents the wave number, and 𝜔 represents the angular velocity.
- The displacement, y, is the same after every wavelength, λ.
- The wave number (k) and angular velocity (ω) are related to wavelength (λ) and period (T) by: 𝑘 = 2𝜋/λ and 𝜔 = 2𝜋/T =2𝜋𝑓 (where f is frequency).
Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave travel.
- The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies.
- Waves with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies and higher energies.
- Waves with longer wavelengths have lower frequencies and lower energies.
- Electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at the speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s).
- They exhibit interference, diffraction, and polarization, which further suggests their transverse wave nature.
- Electromagnetic waves carry energy from one place to another and can be absorbed by matter to cause heating and other effects.
Uses of Electromagnetic Waves
- Radio waves: Primarily used for television, mobile communication, and satellite communication.
- Microwaves: Used for cooking, satellite communications, and understanding the structure of galaxies and stars.
- Infrared (IR): Used for night vision goggles, thermal imaging cameras, weather forecasting, monitoring land use, assessing heat loss, intruder alarms, detecting victims of earthquakes, electrical heaters, cookers, short-range communications (like remote controls), optical fibers, and security systems.
- Visible light: Detected by our eyes and used for photography, illumination, and various other applications.
- Ultraviolet (UV): Mainly from the sun, causes tanning and burns, has bactericidal properties used for water disinfection, and serves as the energy source in fluorescent lamps.
- X-rays: Hospital imaging (bones and teeth), airport security screening.
- Gamma rays: Medicine (diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment), food and medical equipment sterilization.
Standing Waves and Resonance
- A standing wave is formed when two waves of the same frequency and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere.
- Resonance occurs when the external driving frequency is close to the natural frequency of a system, resulting in a large amplitude oscillation.
- The natural frequency is the frequency at which a system naturally oscillates in the absence of any driving force.
- Standing waves are only set up at resonance frequency.
- The relationship between the length of a string (L) and the wavelength (λ) for standing wave patterns is: L = nλn/2, where n = 1, 2, 3...
- The fundamental frequency (f0) is the simplest harmonic with one antinode and two nodes.
- Subsequent harmonics are the second harmonic (n=2), third harmonic (n=3), etc.
Key Relationships & Formulas
- v = fλ (wave equation)
- E = hf (energy of a photon)
- 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛𝑓0 (harmonics)
- v = √(T/μ) (transverse wave in a string)
- v = √(β/ρ) (longitudinal wave in a medium)
- v = √(E/ρ) (longitudinal wave in a solid bar)
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Description
Explore the concepts of wave speed and types of waves in this quiz. You'll learn about the factors affecting wave speed in different mediums and the distinct characteristics of mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. Test your understanding of wave equations and their applications.
