Water's Role in Origin of Life
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Questions and Answers

Why do aquatic warm-blooded animals have a greater risk of losing body heat compared to land-based warm-blooded animals?

  • Water is more effective at absorbing and transferring heat. (correct)
  • They have lower metabolic rates.
  • They have more fur.
  • They have higher body temperatures.

The specific heat capacity of water is relatively low due to the lack of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

False (B)

What property of water makes it useful as a coolant, such as in sweat or in leaves?

high heat of vaporization

The amount of energy needed to change a substance from liquid to gas is called the ______

<p>latent heat of vaporization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Specific heat capacity = Heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of material by 1°C Heat of vaporization = Amount of energy needed to change from a liquid to a gas Heat of fusion = Amount of energy needed to be lost to change liquid water to ice Hydrogen bonds = Restrict the molecular motion of water, leading to high specific heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

<p>Hydrogen bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen bonds in water are permanent and do not break.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surface tension in water is caused by the stronger attractive forces between surface molecules due to hydrogen bonds with molecules located on the ______.

<p>surface and below</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the theory of hydrogen bonds helpful, despite not being directly proven?

<p>It helps explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal, and solvent properties of water, predicts behavior, and has not been falsified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water allows insects to live on its surface?

<p>Surface Tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties with their explanations:

<p>Cohesion = Water molecules sticking together via hydrogen bonds Surface tension = Molecules on the outside of a water body forming stronger bonds with molecules below Adhesion = Attraction between water molecules and other polar compounds or charged compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes water move upwards in plants against gravity?

<p>Transpiration pull and cohesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is denser than water?

<p>Bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buoyancy in air is greater than in water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do bony fish use to control their overall density?

<p>an air-filled swim bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ is the resistance of a fluid to flow.

<p>viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the drag force on a body moving through a fluid?

<p>Viscosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heat passes through air more quickly than it does through water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are gases considered insulators of heat?

<p>because their particles are far apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solutes dissolved in a liquid tend to ________ the viscosity of the liquid.

<p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these materials is generally the best conductor of heat?

<p>Metals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Viscosity = Resistance of a fluid to flow Thermal Conductivity = Rate at which heat passes through a material Buoyancy = The ability to float in a fluid Drag force = Force exerted on a body moving in a fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are fats transported in the blood within lipoprotein complexes?

<p>To prevent them from coalescing into large droplets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol molecules are completely hydrophobic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of a phospholipid in a lipoprotein complex faces outward toward the water?

<p>hydrophilic phosphate heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes sodium and chloride ions to dissociate when salt is added to water?

<p>The polarity of water molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydration shells form around ions because water molecules are attracted to the ions' same charges.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones are transported in the blood bound to ___________.

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions relating to buoyancy:

<p>Buoyant force = Upward force exerted on an object by a fluid Floating = Occurs when object density is less than fluid density Sinking = Occurs when object density is greater than fluid density Density = Mass per unit volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for an ion to be solvated?

<p>An ion is solvated when it is completely surrounded and stabilized by solvent molecules (such as water).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether an object will float or sink in a fluid?

<p>The relationship of the object's density to the fluid's density. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The oxygen end of a water molecule is attracted to the ______ charged sodium ion.

<p>positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

Living organisms generally have a buoyancy that is very different from water and tend to sink easily.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the upward force on an object and the weight of the fluid it displaces?

<p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water considered a good solvent?

<p>Because of the polar attraction of its molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ice floats on water because it is ___________ dense than water.

<p>less</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water's solvent property allows for metabolic reactions to occur easily in cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water help transport sucrose in plants?

<p>Water dissolves the sucrose in the phloem, enabling mass flow to transport it to where it's needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids in a lipoprotein complex interact?

<p>They face inward and come into contact with the fats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a substance dissolves, the molecules of the substance are surrounded by molecules of the ______.

<p>solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

High Specific Heat Capacity of Water

The ability of a substance to absorb and release heat energy, resisting rapid temperature changes.

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat energy needed to convert 1 gram of a liquid into a gas.

Water as a Coolant

The ability of water to absorb a large amount of heat energy before it changes state (from liquid to gas) due to its high heat of vaporization.

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Temperature Stability in Aquatic Environments

Water's ability to stabilize temperature in aquatic environments due to its high specific heat capacity.

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Polar nature of water

Slightly charged regions of the water molecule can attract other polar or charged compounds. This is because water molecules have a bent shape, with the oxygen atom having a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms having a slightly positive charge.

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Hydrogen bonds in water

Water molecules can form weak bonds with each other called hydrogen bonds. These bonds occur due to the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of another water molecule.

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Dynamic nature of hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds in water are temporary. They break and reform constantly, creating a dynamic network within liquid water.

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Cohesion of water

The cohesive force of water is created by the cumulative effect of all the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This force keeps water molecules attracted to each other, making water more cohesive.

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Surface tension of water

The force of attraction between water molecules at the surface is stronger than the force of attraction between water molecules in the bulk of the water. This is because the water molecules at the surface have fewer neighbors to bond with, resulting in a stronger inward force of attraction.

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Cohesion and water transport in plants

Cohesion of water molecules plays a crucial role in the transport of water within plants. The evaporation of water from leaves (transpiration) creates a pulling force on the water column, which is held together by hydrogen bonds, allowing water to move upwards against gravity.

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Surface tension and insect locomotion

Surface tension is a property of water that is caused by the cohesive forces between water molecules. These forces create a strong surface film at the air-water interface, allowing insects to walk on water without sinking.

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Viscosity

The resistance of a fluid to flow. It's caused by internal friction when different parts of the fluid move relative to each other.

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Thermal conductivity

The rate at which heat is transferred through a material.

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Thermal inertia

The ability of a substance to resist changes in its temperature.

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Insulators

Materials that resist the transfer of heat, like air, fur, and feathers.

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Conductors

Materials that allow heat to transfer through them easily, like metals.

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Drag Force

The force exerted by a fluid on an object moving through it.

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Buoyancy

The upward force that acts on an object submerged in a fluid.

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Swim bladder

A gas-filled sac in bony fish that helps them control their density.

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Gas vesicles

Small gas-filled compartments in cyanobacteria that help them control their buoyancy.

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Specific gravity

The density of a substance compared to the density of water.

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Ion Separation

The process where a salt dissolves in water and its ions separate due to the attraction between the ions and the polar water molecules.

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Hydration Shell

A shell of water molecules formed around a dissolved ion, with water molecules oriented to maximize interaction with the ion's charge.

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Solvation

The process of ions being completely surrounded and stabilized by their hydration shells, effectively separating them and reducing their attraction to each other.

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Universal Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances, making it crucial for many biological processes.

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Interruption of Intramolecular Forces

The strong attraction between water molecules and charged ions can disrupt the forces holding atoms together in a substance, leading to its dissociation.

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Ion-Water Attraction

Positive ions (like Na+) are attracted to the negatively charged oxygen end of water molecules, while negative ions (like Cl-) are attracted to the positively charged hydrogen end of water molecules.

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Water's Role in Biological Processes

Water's ability to dissolve substances is essential in many biological processes, including metabolic reactions, diffusion, and transport.

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Metabolic Reactions in Water

Metabolic reactions happen most readily in water due to its ability to dissolve reactants and substrates.

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Diffusion in Water

Diffusion, the movement of molecules from high to low concentration, is enhanced by the presence of water as it dissolves substances, making movement easier.

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Fat Transport

Fat molecules are hydrophobic, meaning they don't mix with water. They are large and carried in blood by special packages called lipoprotein complexes.

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Cholesterol Transport

Cholesterol is a type of fat that's also hydrophobic. It needs help to travel in the blood and is carried within lipoprotein complexes.

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Lipoprotein Complex

A lipoprotein complex is a special package that helps transport fats and cholesterol through the bloodstream. It has a water-loving outer layer and a fat-loving inner layer.

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Steroid Hormone Transport

Steroid hormones are like tiny messengers in the body, made from cholesterol and often hydrophobic. They also need help to travel in the blood and bind to proteins for transport.

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Buoyant Force

The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Think of a bath tub - when you get in, the water level rises to accommodate your volume.

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Floating vs. Sinking

An object will float if its density is lower than the density of the fluid it's in. Imagine a wooden block - it floats because it's less dense than water.

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Floating vs. Sinking

An object will sink if its density is higher than the density of the fluid it's in. Imagine a rock - it sinks because it's denser than water.

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Buoyancy and Organisms

Living organisms often have a density similar to water, which allows them to easily float and move in aquatic environments.

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Ice and Buoyancy

Ice is less dense than water and floats on the surface, creating a protective layer that insulates the water below from the cold air.

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Study Notes

Water's Role in Life's Origin

  • Water is essential for life as we know it
  • Evidence suggests water on Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago, and life emerged at least 3.8 billion years ago
  • Life needs a liquid solvent, like water, for its molecular ingredients to react with each other
  • There's no debate that water was present for life to form

Primitive Earth's Water Conditions

  • Early Earth was extremely hot, preventing water from existing
  • Cooling allowed water to form
  • Oceans became the initial environment where the first cells formed and evolved

Cellular Function and Water

  • Water is the fundamental medium for cellular reactions and processes
  • It forms the cytoplasm, which fills cells
  • It's present in all organelles and between cells in multicellular organisms
  • Water is crucial for transporting substances into and out of cells, as well as maintaining fluid balance in organisms.

Water's Molecular Structure and Bonds

  • Water molecules (H₂O) have two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom
  • Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly, creating a slight negative charge on the oxygen end and a slight positive charge on the hydrogen ends. This makes water a polar molecule
  • Covalent bonds involve electron sharing, but not equally in polar molecules, while nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally
  • Hydrogen bonds form between the positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the negative oxygen atoms of another. These are weak but numerous, contributing to water's properties.

Water's Properties: Cohesion and Adhesion

  • Cohesion: Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonds, creating surface tension, which supports small organisms
  • Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other polar/charged molecules; this capillary action helps water travel up plant tissues.

Water's Role in Dissolving Substances

  • Solvation: Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many ionic compounds and polar molecules, forming hydration shells around them
  • Ion separation: Water molecules surround ions like sodium and chloride to separate them from the crystal structure, keeping them stable.

Water's Properties: Solvent

  • Known as the “universal solvent” due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and charged molecules.
  • Water plays a key role in metabolic reactions because it dissolves reactants, allowing them to interact freely and facilitating biochemical reactions.

Water Properties in Living Organisms

  • Buoyancy: Water's density influences floating and sinking, affecting aquatic organisms.
  • Thermal conductivity: Water's ability to conduct heat makes it good at temperature regulation.
  • Specific heat capacity: Water resists changes in temperature, maintaining a stable environment for living organisms.

Water on Other Planets/Astrobiology

  • The search for extraterrestrial life often focuses on planets with the potential for liquid water
  • The Goldilocks zone is the region around a star where temperatures are right for liquid water on a planet's surface, making it a potentially habitable area.

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Description

This quiz explores the critical role of water in the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It covers how water formed on early Earth, its essential functions in cellular structure and processes, and its importance as a solvent for biological reactions. Test your understanding of water's significance in the development of living organisms!

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