22 Questions
What is the primary goal of the coagulation/flocculation process in water treatment?
To reduce turbidity in water
What is turbidity a measure of in water?
The amount of suspended solids
What is the role of a coagulant in the coagulation/flocculation process?
To cause small particles to come together to form large particles
What is an example of a typical coagulant used in the coagulation/flocculation process?
Aluminum sulfate
What is the term for solids that cannot settle down by virtue of gravity?
Nonsettleable solids
What is the purpose of rapid mixing in the coagulation process?
To aggregate dispersed nonsettleable solids
What is the term for the process of neutralizing the colloidal negative charges to destabilize them?
Charge reduction
What is the result of destabilizing colloids in the coagulation process?
The colloids settle down due to gravity
What occurs when colloids undergo destabilization?
Colloids aggregate in size and start to settle
What is the result of low particulate concentration in coagulation?
Sludge recycling
What is the mechanism of coagulation by organic polymers?
Bridging between colloids and polymers
What is the reaction between aluminum sulfate and bicarbonate?
Al2(SO4)3 + 6HCO3- → 2Al(OH)3 + 6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO4-2
What is the purpose of adding Ca(OH)2 or NaHCO3 in coagulation using aluminum sulfate?
To overcome alkalinity issues
What is the characteristic of the floc formed by ferrous sulfate?
Dense and quick settling
What is the purpose of rapid mixing in coagulation?
To form microflocs
What is the function of agitation devices in coagulation?
To mix coagulants and colloids
What is the primary purpose of a jar test in a laboratory?
To determine the proper coagulant and coagulant aid, as well as the chemical dosage required
What is the unit of velocity gradient (G)?
s-1
What is the condition for laminar flow?
NRe < 20
What is the formula for power input (P) in pneumatic mixing?
P = C1Ga log (h+C2)/C2
What is the purpose of measuring velocity gradient in mixing?
To determine the degree of mixing
What is the relationship between the velocity gradient (G) and the power input (P) in mixing?
G is directly proportional to P
Study Notes
Coagulation and Flocculation
- The main goal of coagulation/flocculation process is to reduce turbidity in water
- Turbidity is a measure of the amount of suspended solids in water sample that causes cloudiness
- Removing turbidity can remove unwanted taste and odor compounds
- Lower turbidity allows for higher rates of disinfection
What is a Coagulant?
- A chemical that is added to water to cause small particles to come together to form large particles that can settle due to gravity
- Typical coagulants: Alum (Aluminum sulfate) and Ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3)
Coagulation Process
- A chemical process in which a coagulant is added and suspended in water by rapid mixing to aggregate dispersed non-settleable solids by destabilization
- Keywords:
- Coagulant: a floc-forming chemical reagent
- Nonsettleable solids: solids that cannot settle down by virtue of gravity, having negligible settling velocities
Theory of Coagulation
- Solid colloids stay in suspension due to repulsive forces, making the system stable
- Colloids can be destabilized by charge neutralization using positively charged ions (Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, etc.) to neutralize the colloidal negative charges
- With destabilization, colloids aggregate in size and start to settle
Points to Consider
- Low particulate concentration: sludge recycling
- Large coagulant dosage: restabilization of colloids with positive charge
Coagulation of Colloids by Organic Polymers
- Coagulation by bridging: the ionizable groups on the polymer surface react with the groups or the active sites on the surfaces of the colloids
- Several colloids may bind to a single polymer
Coagulants
- Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O)
- 1 mole of alum consumes 6 moles of bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- If alkalinity is not enough, pH will reduce greatly, which can be overcome by adding Ca(OH)2 or NaHCO3 (soda ash)
- Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O)
- Forms dense, quick-settling floc
- pH must be raised to 9.5
- Ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3)
- pH should be in the range from 4 to 12
- Ferric chloride (FeCl3)
- pH should be in the range from 4 to 12
Coagulation and Flocculation Process
- Coagulation: rapid mixing to aggregate dispersed non-settleable solids
- Flocculation: gentle mixing to form large flocs
- Agitation devices:
- Mechanical agitators
- Pneumatic agitators
- Baffle basins
Jar Test
- A laboratory technique used to determine:
- The proper coagulant and coagulant aid
- The chemical dosage required
- Variables:
- Speed of rotation
- Time of settling
- Dosage
- Size of flocs
- Turbidity removal
- Color removal
- pH
Velocity Gradient
- Measures the degree of mixing
- Velocity gradient (G): relative velocity of the two fluid particles divided by distance
- Higher G value, intenser mixing
Mixing by Impellers and Pneumatic Mixing
- Equations for power input and velocity gradient for mechanical and pneumatic agitation
This quiz covers the basics of coagulation and flocculation in water treatment, including the goals of the process and how it affects turbidity, taste, and odor.
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