Water sources

Water Sources, Chemical Compositions, and Soil Types

• Water sources include atmospheric water, ocean, inland seas, coastal zones, estuaries, river, reservoirs, lake and wetland, groundwater, soil water, glaciers, icebergs, and ground ice.
• Atmospheric water is recycled by the hydrological cycle and plays a role in regulating the earth's heat.
• Oceans, seas, and bays contain 96.54% of the world's freshwater, while groundwater contains 30.1% of the world's freshwater.
• Groundwater is relied upon for drinking water by 1.5 billion people worldwide.
• The chemical composition of water includes main ions such as chloride, sulfate, hydrocarbonate, carbonate, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium.
• Chloride ions are naturally associated with leaching processes from minerals, rocks, and saline deposits, as well as industrial effluent.
• Sulfate ions mainly originate from sedimentary rocks and the decomposition of organic matter.
• Hydrogencarbonate and carbonate ions mostly come from carbonate rocks, and carbon dioxide is a common source.
• Biogenous substances in water include silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
• Soil types include O horizon (humus), A horizon (topsoil), E horizon (eluviation soil), B horizon (subsoil), C horizon (regolith), and R horizon (bedrock).
• Malaysian soil types are categorized into 12 types based on their properties, such as Alfisols, Andisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Gelisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, and Vertisols.
• Soils are composed of minerals such as sand, silt, and clay, with clay mostly consisting of secondary minerals and sand and silt mostly being resistant residues of parent material.

Water Sources, Chemical Compositions, and Malaysian National Standard

• Water sources include atmospheric water, ocean, inland seas, coastal zones, estuaries, river, reservoirs, lake and wetland, groundwater, soil water, glaciers, icebergs, and ground ice.
• Approximately 577,000 km3 of water evaporates from the ocean and land each year and precipitates as rain, with 12,900 km3 staying.
• Oceans and seas contain 96.54% of total water, while freshwater sources include groundwater, lakes, soil moisture, ground ice, permafrost, and biological water.
• Groundwater provides drinking water supply for 1.5 billion people, with 23,400,000 km3 of freshwater available.
• Chemical compositions of water include main ions such as chloride, sulfate, hydrocarbonate, carbonate, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium.
• Chloride ions come from minerals, rocks, and industrial effluent, while sulfate ions originate from sedimentary rocks and organic matter.
• Hydrogencarbonate and carbonate ions are mainly sourced from carbonate rocks, while calcium and sodium ions are sourced from limestones, dolomites, and rock-salt deposits.
• Dissolved gases in water include oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrocarbons, nitrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, ozone, and nitric oxide.
• Biogenous substances produced by living organisms in water include silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
• The Malaysian National Standard categorizes soils into 12 types, including Alfisols, Andisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Gelisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, and Vertisols.
• Soils are composed of minerals and clay, with minerals making up approximately 45% of soil and divided by size into sand, silt, and clay.
• Malaysian National Standard categorizes soils into different horizons, including O (humus), A (topsoil), E (eluviation soil), B (subsoil), C (regolith), and R (bedrock).