Questions and Answers
What is the main reason for water to be considered hard?
Presence of dissolved bicarbonates
Which type of hardness can be easily removed by heating?
Temporary hardness
What causes permanent hardness in water?
Sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium
Why is it important to remove or treat dissolved solids like calcium and magnesium before water enters a boiler system?
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What concentration of calcium or magnesium ions classifies water as hard?
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Which method is NOT effective for removing permanent hardness from water?
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What are the main concerns for consumers regarding hard water?
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What is the purpose of the lime-soda softening process?
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In the lime-soda softening process, what reacts with the impurities causing carbonate hardness?
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What is a characteristic of hot lime-soda softening process compared to the cold process?
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What is the function of zeolite softeners in water treatment?
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What is a benefit of using ion-exchange zeolite softeners compared to lime-soda softeners?
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What type of ions replace scale-forming magnesium and calcium ions in an ion exchange softener?
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What is a characteristic of zeolite softeners in terms of removing hardness from water?
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What is the purpose of backwashing in a zeolite softener?
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What is the purpose of brining in a zeolite softener?
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What happens during slow rinse in a zeolite softener?
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Why should the backwash flow not be too fast in a zeolite softener?
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What can cause a reduction in the capacity of a softener or incomplete softening?
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What is a potential result of excessive flow during backwash in a zeolite softener?
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How can improper flow rates affect the operation of a zeolite softener?
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What is the purpose of periodic replacement of the zeolite resin?
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What is the effluent of the cation exchanger in the demineralizer?
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What happens during the regeneration of the cation exchanger in the ion exchangers?
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What is the main purpose of reverse osmosis (RO)?
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How does reverse osmosis differ from regular osmosis?
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In a demineralizer, what happens in the anion exchanger?
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What is the standard range for the conductivity reading of water after treatment by demineralizers?
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How are ion exchangers in demineralizers regenerated when exhausted?
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What total dissolved solids (TDS) value does sea water typically have?
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