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Questions and Answers
What is the major consequence of high nutrient levels in surface water?
What is the major consequence of high nutrient levels in surface water?
Which of the following nutrients primarily limit the growth of aquatic plants?
Which of the following nutrients primarily limit the growth of aquatic plants?
What condition is associated with nitrate contamination in water?
What condition is associated with nitrate contamination in water?
Which organism is responsible for cholera?
Which organism is responsible for cholera?
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Which of the following diseases is transmitted by protozoa?
Which of the following diseases is transmitted by protozoa?
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Which of the following pathogens is NOT associated with waterborne diseases?
Which of the following pathogens is NOT associated with waterborne diseases?
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Which is considered the most critical parameter in drinking water quality?
Which is considered the most critical parameter in drinking water quality?
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What is the primary cause of bacillary dysentery?
What is the primary cause of bacillary dysentery?
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What is a primary purpose of establishing buffer zones along water bodies?
What is a primary purpose of establishing buffer zones along water bodies?
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Which strategy is emphasized for promoting sustainable agriculture?
Which strategy is emphasized for promoting sustainable agriculture?
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What role do community-based monitoring programs play in water pollution prevention?
What role do community-based monitoring programs play in water pollution prevention?
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What is a pivotal action that supports international cooperation in managing water pollution?
What is a pivotal action that supports international cooperation in managing water pollution?
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How can industries be encouraged to take responsibility for water pollution?
How can industries be encouraged to take responsibility for water pollution?
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What are the three types of water quality parameters?
What are the three types of water quality parameters?
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What is turbidity a measurement of?
What is turbidity a measurement of?
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What common constituents are associated with the alkalinity of water?
What common constituents are associated with the alkalinity of water?
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How is alkalinity typically measured?
How is alkalinity typically measured?
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What does the pH scale measure in relation to water?
What does the pH scale measure in relation to water?
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In water quality measurements, what does NTU stand for?
In water quality measurements, what does NTU stand for?
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What type of particles predominantly cause turbidity in surface waters?
What type of particles predominantly cause turbidity in surface waters?
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Which parameter is typically NOT considered a physical parameter of water quality?
Which parameter is typically NOT considered a physical parameter of water quality?
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What is the size range of colloidal solids in water?
What is the size range of colloidal solids in water?
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Why is turbidity frequently used in water treatment plants?
Why is turbidity frequently used in water treatment plants?
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What does the ultimate BOD best express?
What does the ultimate BOD best express?
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What primarily affects the rate of biochemical reactions in a BOD test?
What primarily affects the rate of biochemical reactions in a BOD test?
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If the BOD of a sewage is 100 mg/L at 30°C for one day, what is the BOD converted to 20°C for five days?
If the BOD of a sewage is 100 mg/L at 30°C for one day, what is the BOD converted to 20°C for five days?
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What time period is typically used to assess the BOD in a standard test?
What time period is typically used to assess the BOD in a standard test?
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What factor does not influence the time required to achieve the ultimate BOD?
What factor does not influence the time required to achieve the ultimate BOD?
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What does a drop in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) measure in a BOD test?
What does a drop in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) measure in a BOD test?
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What is the standard temperature used for determining the BOD value?
What is the standard temperature used for determining the BOD value?
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What is the role of potassium dichromate in the COD test?
What is the role of potassium dichromate in the COD test?
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Why is the BOD test not ideal for routine plant control?
Why is the BOD test not ideal for routine plant control?
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What is the significance of using silver sulfate as a catalyst in the COD test?
What is the significance of using silver sulfate as a catalyst in the COD test?
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When can one expect a correlation between BOD and COD?
When can one expect a correlation between BOD and COD?
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What does a high COD value indicate about wastewater?
What does a high COD value indicate about wastewater?
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What is the relationship between COD and theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) for most organic compounds?
What is the relationship between COD and theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) for most organic compounds?
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What is the primary function of the self-purification process in natural water systems?
What is the primary function of the self-purification process in natural water systems?
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Which condition makes the COD test particularly useful?
Which condition makes the COD test particularly useful?
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Study Notes
Water-related Health Impact
- Diarrhea caused by water, sanitation, and hygiene remains a significant cause of deaths in children under 5 years, with data reflecting attributed deaths until 2004.
Water Quality Monitoring in India
- The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported growth in the water pollution monitoring network in India as of 2009.
- Water quality assessment involves three main parameter types: physical, chemical, and biological.
Water Quality Parameters
-
Physical Parameters: Assess the physical characteristics of water.
- Solids (suspended, colloidal, dissolved)
- Turbidity
- Color
- Temperature
- Taste and Odor
- Electrical Conductivity
-
Chemical Parameters: Evaluate chemical properties.
- pH
- Alkalinity
- Hardness
- Dissolved Ions
- Heavy Metals
- Refractory Organics
- Nutrients
-
Biological Parameters: Measure the presence of harmful organisms.
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Protozoa
- Helminths
Turbidity
- Turbidity indicates water clarity affected by suspended materials.
- It is an indirect measurement of solid concentration in water, commonly assessed in water treatment facilities.
- Measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).
Alkalinity
- Alkalinity determines water's capacity to neutralize acids, primarily influenced by bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions.
- pH-dependent and measured through titration techniques.
pH Measurement
- pH quantifies the acidity or basicity of water.
- Conductivity measurements can provide estimates of total dissolved solids (TDS).
Nutrient Concerns in Water
- Nitrogen and phosphorus are crucial for aquatic vegetation but can lead to eutrophication when present in excess.
- High nutrient levels can cause algal blooms and impact water quality.
- Nitrate levels may lead to health issues such as methemoglobinemia ("blue baby syndrome").
Pathogens in Water
- Bacteria: Can cause diseases such as Typhoid (Salmonella typhi), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), and Dysentery (Shigella).
- Protozoa: Responsible for illnesses like Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica).
- Viruses: Include Polio and Hepatitis.
- Helminths also contribute to waterborne diseases.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
- BOD indicates organic matter concentration in water using the total oxygen required for its decomposition.
- Testing involves incubation, traditionally at 20°C, for consistent results.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
- COD measures total oxygen required to oxidize both biodegradable and non-biodegradable compounds with potassium dichromate under acidic conditions.
- Faster than BOD testing, but less informative about organic matter's biodegradability.
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
- ThOD represents the maximum oxygen needed to oxidize organic compounds into oxidation products.
- It generally aligns with COD for most organic substances, excluding some resistant aromatics.
Self-Purification of Natural Streams
- Natural water bodies purify through physical, chemical, and biological processes.
- Protection and restoration of natural ecosystems, like wetlands, are key to maintaining water quality.
- Sustainable agricultural practices are essential to prevent agricultural runoff and protect water sources.
Community and Corporate Involvement
- Engage local communities in monitoring efforts and pollution prevention.
- Encourage industries to adopt eco-friendly practices to mitigate water pollution.
- International collaboration is vital to address transboundary water pollution challenges and share best practices.
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Description
This quiz explores the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene on children's health, particularly focusing on diarrhoea deaths in children under 5 years until 2004. It also discusses the growth of the water pollution monitoring network in India as reported by CPCB in 2009 and outlines key water quality parameters.
