Water Quality Monitoring in India
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Questions and Answers

What is the major consequence of high nutrient levels in surface water?

  • Improved oxygen levels
  • Reduced fish population
  • Increased water clarity
  • Eutrophication (correct)

    • Which of the following nutrients primarily limit the growth of aquatic plants?

  • Nitrogen and phosphorus (correct)
  • Potassium and calcium
  • Iron and magnesium
  • Sodium and chloride

    • What condition is associated with nitrate contamination in water?

  • Hepatitis
  • Cholera
  • Dehydration
  • Methemoglobinemia (correct)

    • Which organism is responsible for cholera?

    <p>Vibrio cholerae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is transmitted by protozoa?

    <p>Amoebiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is NOT associated with waterborne diseases?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is considered the most critical parameter in drinking water quality?

    <p>Pathogen presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of bacillary dysentery?

    <p>Shigella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of establishing buffer zones along water bodies?

    <p>To reduce the runoff of pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is emphasized for promoting sustainable agriculture?

    <p>Encouraging the adoption of environmentally friendly practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do community-based monitoring programs play in water pollution prevention?

    <p>They involve local communities in monitoring water quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pivotal action that supports international cooperation in managing water pollution?

    <p>Sharing knowledge and best practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can industries be encouraged to take responsibility for water pollution?

    <p>By adopting environmentally friendly production methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of water quality parameters?

    <p>Physical, Chemical, Biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is turbidity a measurement of?

    <p>The extent to which light is absorbed or scattered by water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common constituents are associated with the alkalinity of water?

    <p>Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is alkalinity typically measured?

    <p>By titration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pH scale measure in relation to water?

    <p>How acidic or basic the water is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In water quality measurements, what does NTU stand for?

    <p>Nephelometric Turbidity Units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of particles predominantly cause turbidity in surface waters?

    <p>Colloidal particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter is typically NOT considered a physical parameter of water quality?

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of colloidal solids in water?

    <p>10^-3 to 1 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is turbidity frequently used in water treatment plants?

    <p>As an indirect measure of solids in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ultimate BOD best express?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily affects the rate of biochemical reactions in a BOD test?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the BOD of a sewage is 100 mg/L at 30°C for one day, what is the BOD converted to 20°C for five days?

    <p>200 mg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time period is typically used to assess the BOD in a standard test?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does not influence the time required to achieve the ultimate BOD?

    <p>Volume of test sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a drop in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) measure in a BOD test?

    <p>The oxygen depletion caused by microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard temperature used for determining the BOD value?

    <p>20°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of potassium dichromate in the COD test?

    <p>It serves as a strong oxidizing agent for measuring oxygen demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the BOD test not ideal for routine plant control?

    <p>It has a long incubation period of five days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using silver sulfate as a catalyst in the COD test?

    <p>It increases the recovery rate of organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can one expect a correlation between BOD and COD?

    <p>For readily soluble organic matter in dissolved form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high COD value indicate about wastewater?

    <p>A significant presence of oxidizable organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between COD and theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) for most organic compounds?

    <p>COD equals ThOD for most organic compounds except aromatics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the self-purification process in natural water systems?

    <p>To promote physical, chemical, and biological processes for water quality improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition makes the COD test particularly useful?

    <p>When a quick assessment of oxygen requirements is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Diarrhea caused by water, sanitation, and hygiene remains a significant cause of deaths in children under 5 years, with data reflecting attributed deaths until 2004.

    Water Quality Monitoring in India

    • The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported growth in the water pollution monitoring network in India as of 2009.
    • Water quality assessment involves three main parameter types: physical, chemical, and biological.

    Water Quality Parameters

    • Physical Parameters: Assess the physical characteristics of water.

      • Solids (suspended, colloidal, dissolved)
      • Turbidity
      • Color
      • Temperature
      • Taste and Odor
      • Electrical Conductivity

    • Chemical Parameters: Evaluate chemical properties.

      • pH
      • Alkalinity
      • Hardness
      • Dissolved Ions
      • Heavy Metals
      • Refractory Organics
      • Nutrients

    • Biological Parameters: Measure the presence of harmful organisms.

      • Bacteria
      • Viruses
      • Protozoa
      • Helminths

    Turbidity

    • Turbidity indicates water clarity affected by suspended materials.
    • It is an indirect measurement of solid concentration in water, commonly assessed in water treatment facilities.
    • Measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).

    Alkalinity

    • Alkalinity determines water's capacity to neutralize acids, primarily influenced by bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions.
    • pH-dependent and measured through titration techniques.

    pH Measurement

    • pH quantifies the acidity or basicity of water.
    • Conductivity measurements can provide estimates of total dissolved solids (TDS).

    Nutrient Concerns in Water

    • Nitrogen and phosphorus are crucial for aquatic vegetation but can lead to eutrophication when present in excess.
    • High nutrient levels can cause algal blooms and impact water quality.
    • Nitrate levels may lead to health issues such as methemoglobinemia ("blue baby syndrome").

    Pathogens in Water

    • Bacteria: Can cause diseases such as Typhoid (Salmonella typhi), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), and Dysentery (Shigella).
    • Protozoa: Responsible for illnesses like Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica).
    • Viruses: Include Polio and Hepatitis.
    • Helminths also contribute to waterborne diseases.

    Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

    • BOD indicates organic matter concentration in water using the total oxygen required for its decomposition.
    • Testing involves incubation, traditionally at 20°C, for consistent results.

    Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

    • COD measures total oxygen required to oxidize both biodegradable and non-biodegradable compounds with potassium dichromate under acidic conditions.
    • Faster than BOD testing, but less informative about organic matter's biodegradability.

    Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)

    • ThOD represents the maximum oxygen needed to oxidize organic compounds into oxidation products.
    • It generally aligns with COD for most organic substances, excluding some resistant aromatics.

    Self-Purification of Natural Streams

    • Natural water bodies purify through physical, chemical, and biological processes.
    • Protection and restoration of natural ecosystems, like wetlands, are key to maintaining water quality.
    • Sustainable agricultural practices are essential to prevent agricultural runoff and protect water sources.

    Community and Corporate Involvement

    • Engage local communities in monitoring efforts and pollution prevention.
    • Encourage industries to adopt eco-friendly practices to mitigate water pollution.
    • International collaboration is vital to address transboundary water pollution challenges and share best practices.

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    Water pollution_Notes.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene on children's health, particularly focusing on diarrhoea deaths in children under 5 years until 2004. It also discusses the growth of the water pollution monitoring network in India as reported by CPCB in 2009 and outlines key water quality parameters.

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