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The presence of only anthropogenic compounds can alter the color of water.
The presence of only anthropogenic compounds can alter the color of water.
False
Decreasing the temperature of water will increase the solubility of gases like oxygen.
Decreasing the temperature of water will increase the solubility of gases like oxygen.
True
The synergistic effect of temperature on water quality solely inhibits the proliferation of water organisms.
The synergistic effect of temperature on water quality solely inhibits the proliferation of water organisms.
False
Organic matter from natural sources are primarily non-biodegradable
Organic matter from natural sources are primarily non-biodegradable
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Surfactants in detergents, being inorganic compounds, reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water.
Surfactants in detergents, being inorganic compounds, reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known for their instability at high temperatures.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known for their instability at high temperatures.
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Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) typically have a higher density than water.
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) typically have a higher density than water.
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The saturation level of oxygen in superficial water at 25°C is typically around 5.1 mg O2/L.
The saturation level of oxygen in superficial water at 25°C is typically around 5.1 mg O2/L.
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A total of 97.2% of the world's water is readily usable by humans.
A total of 97.2% of the world's water is readily usable by humans.
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The hydrological cycle is primarily driven by water condensation followed by precipitation.
The hydrological cycle is primarily driven by water condensation followed by precipitation.
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Over the oceans, precipitation is higher than evaporation by 9%.
Over the oceans, precipitation is higher than evaporation by 9%.
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Covalent bonds in water are intermolecular and occur between hydrogen and oxygen atoms of different molecules.
Covalent bonds in water are intermolecular and occur between hydrogen and oxygen atoms of different molecules.
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Hydrogen bonds in water have a strength of approximately 100 kcal/mol.
Hydrogen bonds in water have a strength of approximately 100 kcal/mol.
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The high electronegativity of hydrogen is the reason that hydrogen bonds form in water.
The high electronegativity of hydrogen is the reason that hydrogen bonds form in water.
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When temperature is decreased, hydrogen bonds in liquid water start to break.
When temperature is decreased, hydrogen bonds in liquid water start to break.
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The specific heat of water refers to the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 10°C.
The specific heat of water refers to the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 10°C.
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Grit sedimentation rate is slower than putrescent organic solids sedimentation rate.
Grit sedimentation rate is slower than putrescent organic solids sedimentation rate.
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Water flow rate in grit chambers should be below the precipitation limit for sand particles and beneath the organic material precipitation limit.
Water flow rate in grit chambers should be below the precipitation limit for sand particles and beneath the organic material precipitation limit.
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In aerated grit chambers, air injection elevates the settling speed of organic substances.
In aerated grit chambers, air injection elevates the settling speed of organic substances.
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Degreasing and de-oiling processes rely on skimmers and occasionally on air to remove oils and grease.
Degreasing and de-oiling processes rely on skimmers and occasionally on air to remove oils and grease.
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The presence of grease and oil in wastewater can ease sedimentation by attracting small organic particles.
The presence of grease and oil in wastewater can ease sedimentation by attracting small organic particles.
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An increase in the wastewater channel section increases velocity and hinders precipitation of solids.
An increase in the wastewater channel section increases velocity and hinders precipitation of solids.
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Colloids, sized between 1 and 0.01 μm, settle rapidly by physical processes.
Colloids, sized between 1 and 0.01 μm, settle rapidly by physical processes.
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Adding electrolytes is used to stabilize the colloids in wastewater during the coagulation process by enhancing the existing repulsive forces.
Adding electrolytes is used to stabilize the colloids in wastewater during the coagulation process by enhancing the existing repulsive forces.
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Bag filters exhibit low sensitivity to variations in particle loads from the effluent.
Bag filters exhibit low sensitivity to variations in particle loads from the effluent.
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The risk of fire or explosion is increased when using wet scrubbers with flammable particles.
The risk of fire or explosion is increased when using wet scrubbers with flammable particles.
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In absorption, the driving force of the process lies in the equilibrium between the liquid and solid phases.
In absorption, the driving force of the process lies in the equilibrium between the liquid and solid phases.
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A suitable absorption liquid should ideally have high viscosity to enhance the transfer rate.
A suitable absorption liquid should ideally have high viscosity to enhance the transfer rate.
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Bag filters are generally suitable for applications involving temperatures above 300 ºC.
Bag filters are generally suitable for applications involving temperatures above 300 ºC.
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According to Henry’s law, the molar fraction of a pollutant in the gas, y, is equal to $K * x $ where $x$ is molar fraction of the pollutant in the liquid and $K$ is a constant.
According to Henry’s law, the molar fraction of a pollutant in the gas, y, is equal to $K * x $ where $x$ is molar fraction of the pollutant in the liquid and $K$ is a constant.
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Packed towers are a type of dry collector used for removing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants.
Packed towers are a type of dry collector used for removing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants.
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Methanol and ethanol are examples of volatile organic compounds that cannot be effectively removed by absorption using water as the absorbent.
Methanol and ethanol are examples of volatile organic compounds that cannot be effectively removed by absorption using water as the absorbent.
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Batteries are managed by regular recollection services.
Batteries are managed by regular recollection services.
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Density of waste materials is used for determining the collection volume levels required.
Density of waste materials is used for determining the collection volume levels required.
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Humidity does not affect incineration treatments of waste.
Humidity does not affect incineration treatments of waste.
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Particle size distribution is critical for the separation of waste using sieves and magnetic separators.
Particle size distribution is critical for the separation of waste using sieves and magnetic separators.
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The C/N ratio is unimportant for biological processes like composting.
The C/N ratio is unimportant for biological processes like composting.
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The heating value of waste is not a key consideration for energy production.
The heating value of waste is not a key consideration for energy production.
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Composting is a process that transforms organic materials under anaerobic conditions.
Composting is a process that transforms organic materials under anaerobic conditions.
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Non-fermentable materials like glass are an essential component for composting.
Non-fermentable materials like glass are an essential component for composting.
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Composting in a closed system typically results in a longer fermentation period compared to an open system.
Composting in a closed system typically results in a longer fermentation period compared to an open system.
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Maintaining moisture content above 70% is crucial for optimal compost quality.
Maintaining moisture content above 70% is crucial for optimal compost quality.
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A C/N ratio of 60% is ideal for cell synthesis and energy supply during composting.
A C/N ratio of 60% is ideal for cell synthesis and energy supply during composting.
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The pH range for optimal composting should be maintained between 3 and 4.
The pH range for optimal composting should be maintained between 3 and 4.
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Recycled glass loses its inherent properties after undergoing the recycling process.
Recycled glass loses its inherent properties after undergoing the recycling process.
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During glass recycling, the final processing stage involves melting it at 1200 °C in furnaces.
During glass recycling, the final processing stage involves melting it at 1200 °C in furnaces.
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Thermostable plastics can be softened by heat and are easily recyclable.
Thermostable plastics can be softened by heat and are easily recyclable.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is commonly recycled into polyester fibers and pillows.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is commonly recycled into polyester fibers and pillows.
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Study Notes
Unit 1: Water Pollution - Lecture 1
- Characteristics of Natural Water: Over 97.2% of Earth's water is found in oceans, not usable by humans. Only about 0.6% of water is usable by humans (8.4 km3).
- Hydrological Cycle: Water evaporates and later precipitates (approximately 5.2 x 105 km3/year) . 20% of the precipitation falls on continents.
- Human Impact: Human activities, pollution and diseases can affect the water cycle's various areas (atmosphere, soil).
- Covalent Bonds (H2O): Covalent bonds exist between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule (approximately 100 kcal/mol).
- Hydrogen Bonds (H2O): Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules (approximately 1-40 kcal/mol)
Characteristics and parameters of contaminated waters
- Water Pollution: Water is contaminated when human activity alters its physical or chemical composition, preventing its use in its original natural state.
-
Types of Water Pollution:
- Concentrated: pollution in a specific point source (e.g., industrial discharge).
- Diffuse: pollution from multiple sources (e.g., agricultural runoff).
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Physical Contaminants:
-
Total Matter: Matter in suspension or substances can be filtered out of the water.
- Colour: affects sunlight penetration, causing sediment deposition.
- Salinity, O2 solubility, Toxicity quantified by Matter in Suspension (MS), Solids in Suspension (SS), Dry Residue (DR) or Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Fixed Residue.
- Odour: Due to the breakdown of organic matter.
- Colour: Due to the presence of organic or inorganic matter (natural or anthropogenic) - examples include wastewater (urban and industrial).
- Temperature: Affects gas solubility and biological activity of microorganisms, influencing other properties of the water.
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Total Matter: Matter in suspension or substances can be filtered out of the water.
Chemical Contaminants
- Organic Matter (OM): Sources are naturally occurring or due to human activities (urban/industrial). Some are biodegradable, some are not.
- Examples: detergents, pesticides (e.g., DDT, chlorobenzene), organophosphates, carbamates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated).
- Hydrocarbons: General characteristics including: low solubility in water, lower density than water and biodegradability, are toxic, and can form a layer on the water surface inhibiting oxygen diffusion. (Saturated alkane, unsaturated olefin, aromatic etc).
Biological Contaminants
-
Biological Contaminants: Microscopic and macroscopic organisms (animal, vegetal, protist).
- Bacteria: are heterotrophic; they consume organic carbon (e.g. O.M., oxygen and water).
- Algae: eutrophication.
- Virus: parasites.
- Biological Contamination Indicators: Coliform bacteria in animal/human intestines, microorganisms determination in water samples (biotic indices), Toxicity essays.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the intricate relationships between anthropogenic compounds and water quality. Explore how factors like temperature and organic matter influence the solubility of gases and the proliferation of aquatic organisms. This quiz covers essential concepts in environmental chemistry and the hydrological cycle.
