Water Properties and Solid States
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a polar molecule?

A polar molecule is a molecule that has electrically charged areas.

What is the name of the temporary bonds that form between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds

Which of the following properties of water are due to the attraction between its polar molecules?

  • Cohesion (correct)
  • High specific heat (correct)
  • Adhesion (correct)
  • Surface tension (correct)
  • The ability to dissolve many substances (correct)
  • Capillary action (correct)

Define cohesion.

<p>Cohesion is the tendency for water molecules to form weak bonds and stick to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surface tension?

<p>Surface tension is a special example of cohesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is capillary action?

<p>Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'universal solvent' when referring to water?

<p>Water dissolves more substances than almost any other liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why water has a high specific heat.

<p>It takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define crystalline solids.

<p>A crystalline solid is a solid material in which the constituent particles are arranged in a highly ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define amorphous solids.

<p>Amorphous solids lack the ordered arrangement of atoms or molecules found in crystalline solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of crystalline solids?

<p>Salt (B), Gold (C), Sugar (D), Diamond (E), Iron (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of amorphous solids?

<p>Glass (D), Wax (E), Rubber (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amorphous solids have a definite heat fusion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crystalline solids are called isotropic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amorphous solids are called anisotropic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is a consequence of the ordered arrangement of particles in crystalline solids?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Crystalline Solid

A solid where atoms are arranged in a highly ordered, repeating pattern forming a 3D structure.

Amorphous Solid

A solid where atoms have a disordered, random arrangement.

Diamond

Strong, hard, and transparent. Found in jewelry and tools.

NaCl (Table Salt)

A solid formed by repeating units of sodium and chloride ions.

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Metallic Glass

A solid formed when a metal is cooled rapidly.

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Wax

A soft, pliable solid made from hydrocarbons.

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Lubricant

A substance that reduces friction between surfaces.

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Emerald

A hard, green gemstone known for its vibrant color.

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Rubber

A soft, flexible solid used for various applications.

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Ruby

A hard, red gemstone known for its deep color.

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Study Notes

Water Properties

  • Water molecules are formed by two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom
  • Each end of a water molecule has a slight electric charge
  • This makes it a polar molecule
  • The uneven distribution of charges is called polarity
  • The positive hydrogen ends of one water molecule attract negative oxygen ends of nearby water molecules
  • This attraction is due to weak magnetic-like forces
  • These forces are called hydrogen bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds break easily as they are temporary
  • Key properties due to polarity & hydrogen bonds: cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, high specific heat, and the ability to dissolve many substances

Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

  • Two states that describe typical solids

  • Structures determined through x-ray diffraction experiments

  • Solids include liquids and gases

  • Molecules, ions, and atoms arrange in an orderly or non-orderly manner in solids

  • These orderly or non-orderly arrangements are categorized into amorphous and crystalline

  • Crystalline solids have ordered constituent particles arranged in three-dimensional patterns called crystal lattices with uniform intermolecular forces. Particles intersect at characteristic crystal angles.

  • Amorphous solids have constituent particles arranged in a disordered, irregularly shaped arrangement

  • Intermolecular forces and particle distances are not uniform in amorphous solids

  • Cleaved amorphous solids yield fragments or curved surfaces due to geometric irregularities

  • Examples:

    • Crystalline: Diamond, NaCl, Emerald, Ruby, Sugar, Snowflakes
    • Amorphous: Metallic glass, Wax, Lubricant, Plastic, Rubber

  • Crystalline vs Amorphous

    • Melting Point
      • Crystalline: Sharp melting point below 5 degrees Celsius
      • Amorphous: Ranged melting point over 5 degrees Celsius
    • Heat Fusion
      • Crystalline: Definite heat fusion
      • Amorphous: No definite heat fusion
    • Isotropy/Anisotropy
      • Crystalline: Anisotropic (properties vary with direction)
      • Amorphous: Isotropic (properties similar in all directions)

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Related Documents

Properties of Water and Solids PDF

Description

Explore the unique properties of water and its interactions due to polarity and hydrogen bonding. Additionally, learn about crystalline and amorphous solids and their structural characteristics. This quiz covers essential concepts in chemistry regarding the behavior of different states of matter.

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