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Questions and Answers
Physical contaminants in drinking water do not generally affect its taste or appearance.
Physical contaminants in drinking water do not generally affect its taste or appearance.
False (B)
Chemical contaminants found in drinking water can only be man-made and never occur naturally.
Chemical contaminants found in drinking water can only be man-made and never occur naturally.
False (B)
Biological contaminants are often referred to as microbes or microbiological contaminants.
Biological contaminants are often referred to as microbes or microbiological contaminants.
True (A)
Radiological contaminants are solely composed of organic compounds and do not include chemical elements.
Radiological contaminants are solely composed of organic compounds and do not include chemical elements.
Consumption of affected seafood and swimming in polluted water are pathways for exposure to waterborne diseases.
Consumption of affected seafood and swimming in polluted water are pathways for exposure to waterborne diseases.
Typhoid fever is not considered a common water-related illness.
Typhoid fever is not considered a common water-related illness.
Exposure to contaminated water can lead to adverse health effects from waterborne illnesses.
Exposure to contaminated water can lead to adverse health effects from waterborne illnesses.
E.Coli infection is a waterborne illness that can result from exposure to contaminated water.
E.Coli infection is a waterborne illness that can result from exposure to contaminated water.
High levels of turbidity in water can be caused by increased concentrations of organic materials, silt, and clay.
High levels of turbidity in water can be caused by increased concentrations of organic materials, silt, and clay.
The ideal range for water temperature should be from 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit.
The ideal range for water temperature should be from 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit.
The taste and odor of water can be influenced by foreign matter introduced into it.
The taste and odor of water can be influenced by foreign matter introduced into it.
The apparent color of water refers to its color after all suspended materials have been filtered out.
The apparent color of water refers to its color after all suspended materials have been filtered out.
Temperature can impact the biological oxygen demand and chlorination efficiency in water.
Temperature can impact the biological oxygen demand and chlorination efficiency in water.
Changes in the color of water do not have any aesthetic implications.
Changes in the color of water do not have any aesthetic implications.
Continuous exposure to poor water quality can result in long-lasting health impacts.
Continuous exposure to poor water quality can result in long-lasting health impacts.
Turbidity sensors measure how well light can be absorbed by water.
Turbidity sensors measure how well light can be absorbed by water.
Water with a pH lower than 7.0 is considered alkaline.
Water with a pH lower than 7.0 is considered alkaline.
The presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions decreases the alkalinity of water.
The presence of bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions decreases the alkalinity of water.
Chlorine occurs naturally in water and indicates contamination.
Chlorine occurs naturally in water and indicates contamination.
Groundwater typically has lower hardness compared to surface water.
Groundwater typically has lower hardness compared to surface water.
High levels of dissolved oxygen indicate poor water quality.
High levels of dissolved oxygen indicate poor water quality.
Microorganisms consume dissolved oxygen when they metabolize organic matter.
Microorganisms consume dissolved oxygen when they metabolize organic matter.
Aquatic plants and animals benefit from high levels of dissolved oxygen for their survival.
Aquatic plants and animals benefit from high levels of dissolved oxygen for their survival.
High levels of bacteria in water are harmless to human health.
High levels of bacteria in water are harmless to human health.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water can only be derived from urban sources.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water can only be derived from urban sources.
Water with a TDS level of 400 mg/L is classified as poor quality.
Water with a TDS level of 400 mg/L is classified as poor quality.
A pH level of 5.6 indicates that rainwater is more alkaline than pure water.
A pH level of 5.6 indicates that rainwater is more alkaline than pure water.
Electrical conductivity in water increases with the presence of more ions.
Electrical conductivity in water increases with the presence of more ions.
Acidity in water can be caused solely by carbon dioxide.
Acidity in water can be caused solely by carbon dioxide.
Water is deemed unsafe to drink if its pH level falls below 6.5.
Water is deemed unsafe to drink if its pH level falls below 6.5.
Water with TDS levels above 1200 mg/L is considered unacceptable.
Water with TDS levels above 1200 mg/L is considered unacceptable.
Pure water contains a mixture of organic and inorganic substances.
Pure water contains a mixture of organic and inorganic substances.
Algae reproduce slowly, making them poor indicators of water quality.
Algae reproduce slowly, making them poor indicators of water quality.
The excessive growth of algae can lead to an increase in dissolved oxygen levels in water.
The excessive growth of algae can lead to an increase in dissolved oxygen levels in water.
Water treatment facilities can effectively eliminate most waterborne viruses during disinfection.
Water treatment facilities can effectively eliminate most waterborne viruses during disinfection.
Water purification aims to remove only chemical contaminants from water.
Water purification aims to remove only chemical contaminants from water.
Coagulation and flocculation involve adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to help solid particles group together.
Coagulation and flocculation involve adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to help solid particles group together.
Sedimentation occurs after filtration in the water purification process.
Sedimentation occurs after filtration in the water purification process.
The clarified water is the result of the settling process where sludge is formed.
The clarified water is the result of the settling process where sludge is formed.
Filtration in water purification is performed using only one type of media.
Filtration in water purification is performed using only one type of media.
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Study Notes
Water Hygiene
- Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a fundamental human right crucial for health and well-being.
- Water contamination can be broadly categorized into physical, chemical, biological, and radiological types.
Types of Drinking Water Contaminants
- Physical Contaminants: Affect water's appearance; examples include sediment from soil erosion.
- Chemical Contaminants: Include naturally occurring and man-made substances like nitrogen, bleach, and pesticides.
- Biological Contaminants: Consist of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
- Radiological Contaminants: Unstable chemical elements like cesium, plutonium, and uranium that emit ionizing radiation.
Waterborne Diseases
- Contaminated water can lead to several waterborne illnesses such as:
- Diarrhea
- Giardiasis
- Dysentery
- Typhoid fever
- E. Coli infection
- Salmonellosis
- Adverse health effects can impact gastrointestinal, reproductive, and neurological systems.
Water Quality Parameters
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Physical Parameters:
- Turbidity: Indicates cloudiness; high levels indicate poor water quality.
- Temperature: Influences chemical reactions and solubility; ideal range is 50-60°F (10-15.5°C).
- Color: Affected by organic and inorganic materials; distinguishes apparent vs. true color.
- Taste and Odor: Changes due to foreign substances such as organic materials and dissolved gases.
- Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Measures dissolved content; categorized as high quality (≤300 mg/L) to unacceptable (>1200 mg/L).
- Electrical Conductivity: Measures water's ability to conduct electricity; higher ion concentration increases conductivity.
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Chemical Parameters:
- pH: Safe drinking water should have a pH of 6.5-8.5.
- Acidity: Caused by mineral acids and can affect biological activities, chemical reactions, and corrosion.
- Alkalinity: Indicates bicarbonate and carbonate presence; high levels suggest contamination.
- Chlorine: Added for disinfection; indicates clean water when present in minimal amounts.
- Hardness: High levels of calcium and magnesium; groundwater generally harder than surface water.
- Dissolved Oxygen (DO): High concentrations indicate high water quality; affected by temperature, salinity, and pressure.
- Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): Indicates decomposition of organic matter; high BOD can deplete DO essential for aquatic life.
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Biological Parameters:
- Bacteria: High levels lead to diseases like cholera and typhoid.
- Algae: Rapid reproduction makes them indicators of pollution; excess growth can deplete oxygen and harm aquatic life.
- Viruses: Can cause diseases; treatment processes often aim to eliminate them.
Water Purification
- Defined as the removal of undesirable substances to achieve hygienic and palatable water.
- Coagulation and Flocculation: Initial treatment where chemicals are added to form flocs for easier removal.
- Sedimentation: Flocs settle in a tank allowing separation of clarified water from sludge.
- Filtration: Clarified water passes through media like sand and activated carbon for further purification.
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