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Questions and Answers
What primarily causes temporary hardness in water?
What primarily causes temporary hardness in water?
Which process can effectively remove temporary hardness?
Which process can effectively remove temporary hardness?
What is the primary characteristic of permanent hardness in water?
What is the primary characteristic of permanent hardness in water?
Which of the following is a process to remove permanent hardness?
Which of the following is a process to remove permanent hardness?
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What is the formula representing total hardness in water?
What is the formula representing total hardness in water?
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What impacts the crystallization of sugar during its refining process?
What impacts the crystallization of sugar during its refining process?
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Which salts are typically associated with permanent hardness?
Which salts are typically associated with permanent hardness?
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Why is calcium carbonate used as a standard in expressing hardness?
Why is calcium carbonate used as a standard in expressing hardness?
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What is a characteristic feature of secondary batteries?
What is a characteristic feature of secondary batteries?
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Which type of battery acts both as a voltaic cell and as an electrolytic cell?
Which type of battery acts both as a voltaic cell and as an electrolytic cell?
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What material is the anode of a lead acid battery made of?
What material is the anode of a lead acid battery made of?
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During the discharging process, which ions are produced at the anode of a lead acid battery?
During the discharging process, which ions are produced at the anode of a lead acid battery?
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What is formed at the anode when lead is oxidized during discharging?
What is formed at the anode when lead is oxidized during discharging?
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What component separates the lead plates in a lead acid battery?
What component separates the lead plates in a lead acid battery?
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What solution are the electrodes of a lead acid battery immersed in?
What solution are the electrodes of a lead acid battery immersed in?
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What happens to PbO2 during the charging process of a lead acid battery?
What happens to PbO2 during the charging process of a lead acid battery?
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What chemical reaction occurs when dissolved oxygen attacks boiler material at high temperatures?
What chemical reaction occurs when dissolved oxygen attacks boiler material at high temperatures?
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Which compound is considered ideal for removing dissolved oxygen due to its product formation?
Which compound is considered ideal for removing dissolved oxygen due to its product formation?
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Which method is used for the mechanical removal of dissolved gases like O2 and CO2?
Which method is used for the mechanical removal of dissolved gases like O2 and CO2?
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What color does the solution turn when titrating with EDTA after adding EBT indicator to a standard hard water sample?
What color does the solution turn when titrating with EDTA after adding EBT indicator to a standard hard water sample?
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What happens to the solubility of gas in water when temperature increases?
What happens to the solubility of gas in water when temperature increases?
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What is the purpose of boiling the water sample in the estimation of permanent hardness?
What is the purpose of boiling the water sample in the estimation of permanent hardness?
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What is the process of removing common salt from water called?
What is the process of removing common salt from water called?
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In the procedure for standardizing EDTA, what is mixed with the water sample before titration?
In the procedure for standardizing EDTA, what is mixed with the water sample before titration?
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Which of the following is a reaction that forms carbonic acid from dissolved carbon dioxide?
Which of the following is a reaction that forms carbonic acid from dissolved carbon dioxide?
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What does the color change from wine red to steel blue indicate during the EDTA titration process?
What does the color change from wine red to steel blue indicate during the EDTA titration process?
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What is the maximum ppm of dissolved solids that defines fresh water?
What is the maximum ppm of dissolved solids that defines fresh water?
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What is one way of removing dissolved carbon dioxide from water?
What is one way of removing dissolved carbon dioxide from water?
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Which gas is released when bicarbonate salts decompose inside the boiler?
Which gas is released when bicarbonate salts decompose inside the boiler?
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What happens to the Ca2+ and Mg2+ when they form a complex with EBT?
What happens to the Ca2+ and Mg2+ when they form a complex with EBT?
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Which method is NOT commonly used for desalination of brackish water?
Which method is NOT commonly used for desalination of brackish water?
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What volume of the water sample is typically used for titration in the total hardness estimation?
What volume of the water sample is typically used for titration in the total hardness estimation?
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How does reverse osmosis work?
How does reverse osmosis work?
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What effect does dissolved carbon dioxide have on boiler materials?
What effect does dissolved carbon dioxide have on boiler materials?
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What type of water is brackish water compared to fresh water?
What type of water is brackish water compared to fresh water?
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Which indicator is used in the procedure to detect the endpoint of the titration?
Which indicator is used in the procedure to detect the endpoint of the titration?
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What is the driving force behind the process of osmosis?
What is the driving force behind the process of osmosis?
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When performing the titration of the boiled water sample, what does the final stable color indicate?
When performing the titration of the boiled water sample, what does the final stable color indicate?
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What is typically used as the membrane in reverse osmosis?
What is typically used as the membrane in reverse osmosis?
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Which of the following statements is true about sea water?
Which of the following statements is true about sea water?
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What is produced at the anode during the discharge of a lithium battery?
What is produced at the anode during the discharge of a lithium battery?
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What is the voltage of a lithium battery?
What is the voltage of a lithium battery?
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What is one advantage of lithium batteries over other types of cells?
What is one advantage of lithium batteries over other types of cells?
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What is the main benefit of direct conversion in a fuel cell?
What is the main benefit of direct conversion in a fuel cell?
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What reaction occurs in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?
What reaction occurs in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?
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What materials can be used for the electrodes in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?
What materials can be used for the electrodes in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?
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What is an example of a fuel used in fuel cells?
What is an example of a fuel used in fuel cells?
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What is the function of the electrolyte in a fuel cell system?
What is the function of the electrolyte in a fuel cell system?
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Study Notes
Water Science
- Water is crucial for life and human society's development, playing a vital role in life's evolution.
- Water purity is an indicator of societal maturity.
- Water is vital for all living organisms and extensively used in various industries, including drinking. bathing, sanitation, irrigation, firefighting, air conditioning, and the production of industrial materials.
- Inadequate and contaminated water supplies pose significant health risks.
- Water conservation and quality management are complex issues arising from unplanned industrialization.
- River pollution is a major consequence of improper waste disposal.
- Global water scarcity is a growing concern.
Sources of Water
- Surface water includes rainwater, river water, lake water, and seawater, which are readily available on the Earth's surface.
- Groundwater is well water and spring water, which are rich in minerals but contain minimal organic impurities.
Impurities in Water
- Water is vital for life but is often contaminated by pollutants.
- Water pollution is the alteration of water's physical, chemical, and biological features.
- Pollutants include suspended impurities (affecting turbidity, color, odor), colloidal impurities (from organic waste), dissolved impurities (salts, gases), and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi).
- Human activities are the primary cause of water contamination.
Types of Water
- Water is classified based on its lather-forming property with soap solution into soft water and hard water.
- Soft water readily produces lather with soap.
- Hard water does not produce lather with soap; it forms an insoluble precipitate.
Hardness of Water
- Hardness is the characteristic of water that prevents soap lathering.
- It is caused by the presence of salts of calcium, magnesium, and other heavy metals.
- Hard water forms insoluble soap precipitates, causing problems like wasted soap, uncleanliness, and potentially health issues.
Types of Hardness
- Temporary Hardness or Carbonate hardness is caused by dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.
- It can be removed by boiling or adding lime to water.
- Permanent Hardness or Non-carbonate hardness is due to chlorides and sulfates of calcium, magnesium, iron, and other metals.
- It can be removed through lime soda process or zeolite process.
Disadvantages of Hardness
- Hardness has several drawbacks in domestic and industrial water usage, such as reduced cleaning efficiency, increased cooking time and fuel consumption, digestive problems, and risks of urinary tract problems.
Boiler Feed Water
- Water used in steam engines and boilers should be free from hardness, dissolved salts, and impurities.
Boiler Troubles
- Scale and sludge formation, priming and foaming, caustic embrittlement, and boiler corrosion can occur due to hard water.
- Prevention of scale formation and corrosion is important for boiler efficiency.
Removal of Dissolved Oxygen
- Dissolved oxygen in water attacks the boiler material, which can be removed using chemical methods (e.g., sodium sulfite or hydrazine) or mechanical deaeration.
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
- Dissolved carbon dioxide in water forms carbonic acid, slowly corroding boiler material.
- It's removed through the addition of ammonia or via mechanical deaeration alongside oxygen removal.
Water Softening
- The processes used to remove hardness-causing salts from water are called water softening or conditioning methods, including external conditioning (such as zeolite or permutit process or ion exchange process) or internal conditioning.
Desalination of Water
- Removing common salt (sodium chloride) from water is called desalination.
- Brackish water, with dissolved salts, can be made drinkable through desalination techniques, like reverse osmosis.
Batteries and Sensors
- Batteries store electrical energy, converting chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions.
- Two key battery parameters are potential (voltage) and current.
Primary Cells
- Primary cells or primary batteries are non-rechargeable.
- Once discharged, they cannot be brought back to their original state by passing electricity through them.
Secondary Cells
- Secondary cells or secondary batteries are rechargeable and can be brought back to their original state.
Fuel Cells
- Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process converting chemical energy directly into electrical energy.
- Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells are an example converting hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity.
Solar Cells
- Solar cells (photovoltaic cells) convert light energy into electrical energy.
- The p-n junction diode structure creates a voltage with light.
Biosensors
- Biosensors use biological components coupled with transducers to detect and quantify target molecules or chemicals.
- They are used in healthcare, industry, and environmental monitoring applications.
Organic Electronic Materials
- Organic materials have shown great potential for use in flexible and lightweight electronics, due to their conductivity.
- Types include Intrinsically conducting polymers and Extrinsically conducting polymers.
Fullerenes
- Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon with cage-like structures.
- Uses include medical and other applications.
Polystyrene
- Polystyrene is a thermoplastic polymer with notable properties including transparency, hard yet brittle, poor heat resistance, high impact resistance and electrical insulation.
PMMA
- Polymethyl methacrylate (also known as acrylic glass or plexiglass) is a transparent thermoplastic polymer.
- It is known for its clarity, impact resistance, and weather resistance.
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
- LCDs are flat-panel displays that use liquid crystals to modulate light.
- They are based on the principle of polarizing light.
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Description
Test your knowledge on water hardness, including temporary and permanent hardness, and the methods used to treat it. This quiz covers key characteristics, common salts, and the chemical processes involved in water hardness. Perfect for environmental science students seeking to deepen their understanding of water quality.
