Water Hardness and Desalination Quiz

The temporary hardness of water is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, which can be removed by boiling or by adding lime.

Bloom's Taxonomy levels are a hierarchical model for categorizing cognitive skills in education. They range from basic recall (remember) to higher-order thinking, such as analysis and evaluation.

The Bloom's Taxonomy levels, starting from the most basic to the most complex, are: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create.

The BTLevel column in the question paper analysis designates the level of cognitive skills required to answer a question, based on Bloom's Taxonomy.

By analyzing the BTLevel and difficulty level of each question, one can grasp the emphasis and complexity of different cognitive skills assessed in an exam.

The process of removing dissolved salts and minerals from water, often used to make seawater drinkable or to produce high-purity water for industrial uses.

A type of water treatment that uses ion exchange resins to remove dissolved ions, resulting in water with very low mineral content.

A method of water softening that involves adding chemicals like sodium phosphate or Calgon to prevent the formation of scale in boilers.

The amount of dissolved solids in water, expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm). It includes ions like calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride.

A measure of the amount of organic matter present in water that can be oxidized by microorganisms. High BOD indicates significant pollution.

Electrospinning is a technique used to produce nanofibers by applying a high voltage to a polymer solution or melt, forcing the material to be ejected from a needle in the form of a fine jet, which then solidifies as a fiber due to the evaporation of the solvent.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical nanostructures of rolled up graphene sheets. They have exceptional properties like high strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Due to their outstanding characteristics, they are used in various fields. CNTs can be used in composites to enhance their mechanical properties, as electrodes in batteries and supercapacitors, in electronics for transistors and sensors, and as catalysts for chemical reactions.

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. A cell is a single unit that produces electrical energy through a chemical reaction, and it's the fundamental building block of a battery. Multiple cells connected in series or parallel form a battery.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical systems that use bacteria to convert chemical energy from organic matter into electrical energy. They work by using bacteria to oxidize organic compounds, releasing electrons that then travel through an external circuit to a cathode, where they combine with oxygen to produce water.

Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, due to a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Electrochemical corrosion occurs when a metal surface forms an electrochemical cell, leading to the oxidation of the metal, typically by reacting with oxygen or other chemicals. It's a common problem that can cause significant damage to structures and equipment.