Water Deprivation and Sodium Toxicosis in Animals
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Questions and Answers

What species tend to have the most problems associated with water deprivation?

Swine

What can dogs experience from ingestion of excessive amounts of ice melting compounds containing sodium chloride?

Sodium toxicosis

What is the mechanism of action that causes sodium to be elevated in the blood?

Excessive sodium ingestion or water deprivation

What percentage of salt in the diet is toxic for swine?

<p>13%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much sodium chloride is toxic for cattle?

<p>2.2 g/kg body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of NaCl in water is toxic for poultry?

<p>&gt; 0.25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the endophytic fungus growing within tall fescue?

<p>Neotyphodium coenophialum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid is the most predominant in fescue and has been isolated from it?

<p>Ergovaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical syndrome is associated with ergovaline concentrations greater than 200 ppb?

<p>Summer slump</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action of ergot alkaloids on smooth muscle contraction and other activities?

<p>Affecting dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the old name for the endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum?

<p>Acremonium coenophialum</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do high fertilization and low precipitation affect ergot peptide production in fescue?

<p>Increase production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary toxin in Amanita muscaria mushrooms?

<p>Ibotenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mushroom toxin mimics the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate?

<p>Ibotenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the decarboxylated metabolite of ibotenic acid?

<p>Muscimol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign can be observed in animals affected by Amanita muscaria poisoning?

<p>Muscle tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the believed hallucinatory potential of muscimol?

<p>Hallucinogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the historical connection between Amanita muscaria and Lewis Carroll?

<p>Lewis Carroll is believed to have consumed Amanita muscaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sources of enterotoxicosis?

<p>Salmonella, E.coli, Clostridium perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of enterotoxicosis?

<p>Vomiting, diarrhea, anterior abdominal pain, gut stasis with gas accumulation, distension, pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the tremorgenic mycotoxins commonly found in garbage or compost?

<p>Penitrem A and roquefortine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes botulism in animals?

<p>Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?

<p>Prevents the release of ACh at the NMJ, resulting in paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the treatment goals for animals affected by enterotoxicosis?

<p>Limit absorption of material, correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, increase tissue perfusion, prevent bacterial proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding mycotoxins in meat, milk, and eggs?

<p>Potential residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM)?

<p>Corn stalk disease or moldy corn poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Fusarium verticillioides?

<p>Field fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does ELEM tend to occur most frequently in the U.S.?

<p>Colder months of November - May</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of corn products can be associated with ELEM?

<p>Whole or cracked corn, sweet feed, or pelleted feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are culture techniques for Fusarium verticillioides not valuable for diagnosing ELEM?

<p>Fairly ubiquitous and can be found in 80-100% of regular corn</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the clinical signs, which viral pathogen is most likely causing the neurological disease in the 6-month-old puppy?

<p>Canine distemper virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic sample to confirm canine distemper virus infection in the puppy?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid for virus isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in the nervous system?

<p>Immune-mediated demyelination and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurological signs is least likely to be associated with canine distemper virus infection?

<p>Facial paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is known to cause non-suppurative encephalitis in neonatal puppies less than 6 weeks of age?

<p>Canine herpes virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the diagnosis of viral infections of the nervous system is incorrect?

<p>Serology alone can confirm an active viral infection in the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is responsible for infection in a variety of wildlife species including lions, wolves, and raccoons?

<p>Canine distemper virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Canine Distemper Virus reach the CNS after infection?

<p>Via infected lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rabies is primarily maintained in raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes?

<p>Sylvatic rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the diagnosis of Canine Distemper Virus from Rabies virus?

<p>Demonstration of viral antigens in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic clinical sign associated with Rabies virus infection?

<p>Hardening of the footpads</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Rabies virus move to neurons in the CNS after inoculation?

<p>Axoplasmic flow to neurons in the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic method is used to differentiate between Canine Distemper Virus and Rabies virus?

<p>Detection of Negri bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

'White matter vacuolation' due to demyelination is a characteristic feature of which virus infection?

<p>'Canine Distemper Virus'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Perivascular cuffing' is a histological finding commonly seen in infections caused by which virus?

<p>'Canine distemper virus'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies)' are pathognomonic for which viral infection?

<p>'Rabies virus'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is correct?

<p>FIP is caused by a mutation in the feline coronavirus (FCoV) strain that replicates in intestinal epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?

<p>Bites, with higher rates in aggressive, free-ranging male cats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the neurologic form of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection?

<p>Non-reportable disease in the state of Virginia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arboviral encephalitides is typically seen west of the Mississippi river and has a milder course with a 15-20% mortality rate?

<p>Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathological features is NOT associated with equine neurotropic viral infections?

<p>Fibrinous pleuritis and peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pathogenesis of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is correct?

<p>The virus is primarily carried by dendritic cells from the bite wound to local lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign associated with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) infection?

<p>Fibrinous pleuritis and peritonitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key factor in differentiating between Rabies, Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) in a cat with neurologic signs?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strains is correct?

<p>PCR can differentiate between the D752 and N752 strains but not the H752 strain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic methods is used for arboviral encephalitides in horses?

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

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