Water Crisis Management Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are some strategies for better fresh water management?

Better storage, distribution, and use

How can water consumption awareness help in water crisis management?

By focusing on better management

What are some ways to achieve more efficient irrigation?

New irrigation technologies, building dams, opening channels to transport water to dry areas

What is a strategy for industrial and waste water management?

<p>Waste water recycling (water reuse)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is desalination considered as a solution for water scarcity?

<p>More than 70% of the world population live within 70 km of seas or oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fresh water can irrigation water consumption reach in some agricultural communities?

<p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suitable salinity level for irrigation water, depending on crops?

<p>1000-4000 ppm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the salinity level that saline type agriculture is researching to use?

<p>Up to 10,000 ppm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some industrial uses of water?

<p>Cooling streams, condensing, chemical industries, mining industry, power plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the growth of industries impact water demand?

<p>Increases the water demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of water on Earth is seawater?

<p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the total water on Earth is freshwater?

<p>2.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the global average of rainfall per year?

<p>2x10^8 km^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main categories of water demand?

<p>Domestic use, Agriculture use, Industrial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should domestic water used be free from?

<p>Bacteria and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended salinity for domestic water use?

<p>&lt; 500 ppm (or 1000 ppm in some remote or desert areas)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total average annual amount of rainfall in the given area?

<p>19,250 Mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the rainfall evaporates?

<p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the remaining water after evaporation go?

<p>Into shallow aquifers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector uses the highest percentage of water?

<p>Agriculture (88%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which governorate has the highest percentage of water shortage?

<p>Al Batinah (47.60%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of water footprint?

<p>The sum of virtual water in the full supply chain including production, processing, and consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three colors of water footprint and what do they represent?

<p>Green (volume of rainfall water), Blue (volume of surface and groundwater), and Grey (volume of water required to dilute polluted water from the process).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate sugar extraction per hectare?

<p>Average yield (105 tons/ha) multiplied by sugar extraction percentage (13%) = Sugar extraction per hectare (13.65 tons).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main phases involved in the production of sugar from sugar cane?

<p>Agricultural Phase and Industrial Phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total water footprint for sugar production per kilogram?

<p>973 liters per kilogram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest water requirement to produce 1 kilogram of sugar?

<p>Swaziland, with 1,000 liters per kilogram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Total Water on Earth

  • Total water on Earth: 1391,000,000 Km3
  • Seawater: 97.5% (1356,000,000 Km3)
  • Iceberg and permanent snowcover: 68.9% (241,000,000 Km3)
  • Groundwater including soil moisture: 30.8% (108,000,000 Km3)
  • Freshwater: 2.5% (35,000,000 Km3)
  • Lakes and river storage: 0.3% (100,000 Km3)

Freshwater Availability

  • Freshwater available for humanity: 0.1% (35,000 Km3)

Rainwater

  • Global average rainfall: 2 x 10^8 km3 per year
  • Rainfall is poorly distributed across the globe
  • Rainfall is unpredictable and uncontrolled

River Water and Lakes

  • Rivers are the main source of freshwater
  • GCC does not have a single natural river

Groundwater

  • It is important to determine the amount producible rather than the amount available
  • Most underground water is not discovered yet
  • Most underground water is not producible

Water Demand

  • Water demand can be grouped into: domestic use, agriculture use, and industrial use
  • Domestic demand: water is used for drinking, cooking, washing, and gardening, and other utilities
  • Some water is lost in the distribution systems
  • Water consumption increases with improving life standards

Agriculture Demand

  • Irrigation water consumes more than 50% of freshwater and can reach as high as 80% in some agricultural communities
  • Water with salinity of 1000-4000 ppm is suitable for irrigation (depending on crops)
  • Saline type agriculture is under research to use saline water up to 10,000 ppm

Industrial Demand

  • Water is used for cooling streams, condensing, chemical industries, mining industry, power plants, etc.
  • Industry is growing rapidly, which increases water demand
  • Water quality for industry varies, and sometimes seawater can be used in cooling, while in many cases desalinated water as 5 ppm should be used

Water Crisis Management

  • Better freshwater management: better storage, distribution, and use
  • Water consumption awareness focusing on better management
  • More efficient irrigation: new irrigation technologies, building dams, and opening channels to transport water to dry areas
  • Industrial and waste water recycling (water reuse)
  • Desalination: more than 70% of the world population lives within 70 km of seas or oceans

Water Footprint

  • Virtual water is the volume of water required to produce a product
  • Water footprint is the sum of virtual water in the full supply chain
  • Both are an indication of the consumption of freshwater resources
  • Colors of water footprint: green (rainfall water), blue (surface and groundwater), and grey (water required to dilute polluted water)

Case Study: Production of Sugar from Sugarcanes

  • Agricultural phase: rainfall, evaporation, inputs, irrigation, runoff, and drainage
  • Industrial phase: steam, water in cane, sugar process water, and effluent
  • Total water footprint: approximately 1000 L/kg sugar

Water Required to Produce 1 kg of Food

  • Potato: 65 L/kg (UK)
  • Tomatoes: 74 L/kg (Spain)
  • Sugar: 1000 L/kg (Swaziland)
  • Milk: 1000 L/kg (global average)
  • Rice: 3000 L/kg (global average)
  • Meat (poultry): 6000 L/kg (global average)
  • Meat (cow): 15,500 L/kg (UK)
  • Meat (sheep): 57,800 L/kg (UK)

Reducing Water Footprint

  • Mean annual rainfall is relatively low, < 100 mm, and irregular
  • Droughts of 2-3 years are common
  • Total average annual amount of rainfall is approximately 19,250 Mm3
  • 80% evaporates, and 1,400 Mm3 leaves as water runoff
  • 119 Mm3 is lost to the sea, while the rest refills the shallow aquifers

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Description

Test your knowledge on managing water crises, including topics like fresh water management, water consumption awareness, efficient irrigation, industrial and waste water recycling, and desalination.

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