Water Balance Mechanisms and Abnormalities

<p>Fasting (B), Increased temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water intake is equal to water loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits thirst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.9 L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat exhaustion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.2 L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes insipidus (DI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits thirst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water +/- salt depletion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control water loss and urine volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes edema and hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotonic dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorb sodium (and water) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vagus nerve activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The state where the intake of water equals the loss of water.

Water consumed through drinking, eating solid foods, and metabolic processes.

Water lost through urine, stool, sweating, and insensible loss (like breathing).

A condition where there's a loss of isotonic fluid, meaning fluid with similar salt concentration to blood.

A condition where there's a loss of hypotonic fluid, meaning fluid with lower salt concentration than blood.

A condition where there's a loss of hypotonic fluid due to excessive sweating.

A condition where there's a loss of hypotonic fluid caused by rapid, deep breathing.

A condition where there's an excess of isotonic fluid due to receiving too much IV fluids.

The feeling of thirst is controlled by the thirst center located in the hypothalamus.

A condition where there's an excess of hypotonic fluids due to drinking too much water.

Baroreceptors are specialized sensory receptors found in the aortic arch and carotid bifurcation, playing a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. They sense changes in blood pressure and transmit signals to the brain, inhibiting the thirst center to maintain normal blood pressure.

Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor hormone that stimulates thirst and promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, contributing to blood pressure regulation.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone secreted by the heart in response to high blood volume and pressure. It counters the effects of Angiotensin II by inhibiting its actions, reducing sodium reabsorption, and promoting fluid excretion, ultimately lowering blood volume and pressure.

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is a hormone primarily produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, conserving water in the body and maintaining fluid balance.

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by a deficiency of ADH, resulting in excessive water loss in urine and increased thirst. This happens because the kidneys are unable to effectively reabsorb water, leading to frequent urination and dehydration.

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is a condition caused by excessive ADH secretion, leading to water retention, reduced urine output, and potentially causing hypertension and edema. The body holds onto more water than it should.

Dehydration refers to a state of water deficiency in the body. It can be classified into three types: isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic, depending on the concentration of electrolytes relative to water.

Isotonic dehydration refers to a type of dehydration where the concentration of electrolytes (like sodium) in the body remains relatively normal compared to water loss. The body loses equal amounts of water and electrolytes.

Hypotonic dehydration (also called hyponatremia) is a type of dehydration where the body loses more electrolytes than water, resulting in a lower sodium concentration in the body. Basically, you lose more salt than water.

Hypertonic dehydration (also called hypernatremia) is a type of dehydration where the body loses more water than electrolytes, resulting in a higher sodium concentration in the body. Basically you lose more water than salt.