29 Questions
Which country became the first Latin American country to gain independence from a European power?
Haiti
What event led to France nearly going bankrupt and Napoleon losing interest in North America?
Haitian Revolution
When did the U.S. recognize the independence of Haiti?
1862
Why did some sugar producers and slave holders in Cuba and Puerto Rico not support independence from Spain?
They feared for their lives
What made many Creoles in Latin America become terrified of the events on the island of Haiti?
Fear of separating from Spain
Who controlled all of Hispaniola in 1492?
Spain
Which event ended a 9-year war between France and other European countries?
Treaty of Ryswick
What did France's National Constituent Assembly pass in 1789?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Which country was the world's largest exporter of sugar in the late 1700s?
Saint Domingue
In what year did Napoleon Bonaparte seize power?
1799
Who was the Great Leader of the Haitian Revolution?
1743-1803
Who was the Bourbon king of France during the War of Spanish Succession?
Louis XIV
Why did most European powers fear potential Bourbon control of Spain?
Concerns over the unification of France and Spain
What did Phillip V, Louis XIV's grandson, have to renounce as per the Treaty of Utrecht?
His claim to the Spanish throne
Which country received greater access to trade routes as part of the Treaty of Utrecht?
Portugal
What did the HRE/Austria receive as part of the Treaty of Utrecht?
Spanish Netherlands
What did Great Britain's 'South Sea Company' receive as part of the Treaty of Utrecht?
Ports of Gibraltar and Minorca
What event led to the collapse of the political situation in Haiti in 1791?
Whites refusing to grant equality to free blacks
Which country attempted to capture the lucrative Haitian colony in 1792?
Spain
Who was tricked into a meeting with the French in 1802, captured, and sent to France to die in prison?
Toussaint Louverture
In what year did Napoleon try to destroy the Haitian independence movement?
1800
Who proclaimed Haiti's independence, establishing the world's first Black republic in 1804?
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
How many of the 40,000 whites on the island died during the revolution?
24,000
Which indigenous monarch managed to establish an independent monarchy in Vilcabamba?
Tupac Amaru I
Who attempted to rebel against the Spaniards and reestablish the ancient Inca kingdom much later in the colonial period?
Tupac Amaru II
What was the largest and most successful rebellion of the many rebellions in late-colonial Andes?
Rebellion of Tucac Amaru II
Who was primarily leading an indigenous movement against Spanish abuse in the rebellion?
Tupac Amaru II
What happened to Tupac Amaru II as a result of his rebellion against the Spaniards?
His tongue was cut out, forced to witness executions of family members, and quartered
What was an implication of Tupac Amaru II's rebellion for later movements in Peru?
Impacted the later independence movement in Peru
Study Notes
Haitian Revolution
- The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) resulted in Haiti becoming the first Latin American country to gain independence from a European power (France) in 1804.
- The revolution had significant implications, including France nearly going bankrupt and Napoleon losing interest in North America, leading to the sale of the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803.
Impact on Latin America
- The Haitian Revolution led to fear among Creoles in Latin America, causing many to oppose independence from Spain.
- Sugar producers and slave holders in Cuba and Puerto Rico remained loyal to Spain, fearing for their lives, and these islands did not gain independence for nearly 100 more years.
Historical Context
- Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic and Haiti) was controlled by Spain from 1492, but the French took possession of the western third of the island (present-day Haiti) by treaty in 1697.
- Saint-Domingue (Haiti) was the world’s largest exporter of sugar in the late 1700s, with an enslaved population comparable to that of the entire U.S. South.
French Revolution
- Key events in the French Revolution included the storming of the Bastille (1789), the passing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), and the execution of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette (1793).
Napoleon Bonaparte
- Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France in 1799 and attempted to destroy the Haitian independence movement.
Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines
- Toussaint Louverture, a commander of emancipated slaves, joined the French army in 1794 and became a key figure in the Haitian Revolution.
- Jean-Jacques Dessalines proclaimed Haiti’s independence in 1804, establishing the world’s first Black republic.
Tupac Amaru Revolt
- The Tupac Amaru Revolt in the early 1780s led to fear among colonial elites, prompting them to remain loyal to the Crown.
- José Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera, known as Tupac Amaru II, led a rebellion against the Spaniards in Peru, aiming to reestablish the ancient Inca kingdom.
Learn about the War of the Spanish Succession which was fought in Europe due to the complex succession crisis after the death of the Spanish monarch. Louis XIV of France and Leopold I of Austria both had claims to the Spanish throne, leading to a conflict involving major European powers.
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