War of 1812 and Canadian Identity

• Chapter Inquiry: How did the War of 1812 and its political consequences affect the developing Canadian identity?

A Complex Identity

• When people first meet, they notice superficial characteristics like gender and appearance.
• Getting to know someone reveals their deeper qualities like humor and convictions.
• Countries also have superficial characteristics.
• Globally, Canada is often associated with hockey, the Mounties, maple leaves, and snow.
• Superficial associations may not fully represent Canada's complexity.
• Canada has 600 First Nations, is officially bilingual, and has poppies blooming on the Arctic tundra.
• Canada's identity is complex and varies for individuals.

An Emerging Identity

• Complex national identities develop over time based on history.
• Previously, First Peoples, Acadians, and Canadiens established unique identities.
• Between 1763 and 1850, British immigrants brought their values and traditions.
• The new colonists developed a sense of citizenship in Canada.

Honing Skills: Using Statistics to Create Graphs

• It helps to find meaning in numbers by creating graphs.
• Using statistics to create graphs is an important skill.
• It helps to analyze statistics.
• The project at the end of the chapter will ask you to use this skill as you examine one group's contribution to Canada's emerging identity.

Types of Graphs

• Line graphs show trends over time by marking horizontal lines in regular intervals and connecting the points.
• Bar graphs effectively compare two or more sets of data, with marked vertical scales and labeled bars.
• Circle graphs efficiently compare the size of parts to a whole by calculating and dividing percentages proportionally, with an added legend.

Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies

• In 1775, a rebellion in Britain's Thirteen Colonies led to a migration north, flooding Canada with English-speaking newcomers.
• The revolution in the Thirteen Colonies and the Loyalist migration subsequently affected Britain's North American colonies.
• The Thirteen Colonies south of the St. Lawrence River grew restless under British rule due to trade restrictions, high taxes, and a desire for control.
• The 1774 Québec Act, which gave the Ohio Valley to Québec instead of the Thirteen Colonies, worsened matters.
• In April 1775, the initial shots of the War of Independence were fired, leading American rebels to march into Québec, capturing Montréal and moving on to Québec City.

Invaders or Liberators?

• In 1775, American rebel soldiers invaded Québec, anticipating the Canadiens would see them as liberators.
• The Québec Act kept New York traders out of the fur trade around the Great Lakes, and would have been opposed by fur traders and merchants.
• The seigneurs had influence in the government and would have supported the British.
• Most Americans were Protestant, opposed by the Catholic Church.
• The habitants regained their language and religious rights under the Québec Act, and would have supported the British.
• The Americans faced fierce resistance, in part because they attacked Québec City during a snowstorm on the last day of 1775, ending in disaster.

Citizens Loyal to the King

• In 1776, not everyone in the Thirteen Colonies supported the rebellion; a third remained loyal to Britain, known as United Empire Loyalists.
• Some Loyalists didn't believe in violence, had British business ties, fought in military regiments, were enslaved African Americans seeking freedom, or First Nations peoples who lost land.
• American rebels treated Loyalists as traitors, seizing property and possessions, as well as beating, jailing, and parading them after covering them in tar and feathers.
• Many Loyalists fled north to Canada as refugees, changing its identity forever.

Loyalists Head to Nova Scotia

• Almost 40,000 Loyalists migrated to British colonies, doubling Nova Scotia's population and creating new communities.
• Britain promised free land and supplies, but not all received them; life was difficult.

New Colonies

• Many Loyalists in Nova Scotia were unhappy with the conditions and resented the colonists who hadn't suffered.
• The population wanted their own colony.
• In 1784, Britain divided Nova Scotia into two parts: New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island, while Île Saint-Jean was renamed Prince Edward Island.

Biography of Rose Fortune (1773-1864)

• Rose Fortune was born into slavery in the southern United States and came to Nova Scotia as a child with a Loyalist family.
• In 1825, after gaining her freedom in Annapolis Royal, she started The Lewis Transfer Company.
• Eventually, she became the town's police officer and joined the Underground Railroad.

Canada Today

• Canada addresses world problems to solve the safety of others in their local country.
• Canada is acting as a citizen to those who are facing danger.
• Refugees can no longer live safely in native countries.
• Loyalists were the first refugees to come to Canada.
• Canada accepts refugees each year to offer a safe place for a new life.
• In return, refugees become active citizens and contribute to Canada's growth.

The Loyalists Come to Québec

• Loyalists streamed north into Québec and waited for British aid in temporary camps.
• Most Loyalists were unwilling to settle in Québec due to the unfamiliar French language and Roman Catholic traditions with all the good land already taken.
• Sir Frederick Haldimand, the governor of Québec, agreed to give the newcomers land farther west along the upper St. Lawrence River and the north shore of Lake Ontario; in 1784, the first group of Loyalists headed west.

Land, Identity, and the First Nations

• Having land means having a place to live and belong.
• The identities of of the First Nations were affected by their lost traditional land.
• The Mohawk were important to have land of their own with affects that had to do with their identity.
• Thayendanegea was the Mohawk leader.
• Thayendanegea convinced the British to give the Mohawk land along the Grand River, north of Lake Erie.
• The land given to the Mohawk became the largest Six Nations Reserve.
• The land Haldimand chose for the Loyalists belonged to the Anishinabe Nation, but the Anishinabe did not believe in people buying or selling land.

Building a Bilingual Country

• Most Loyalists coming to Québec spoke English.
• They wanted to keep British heritage of traditions and customs.
• Loyalists needed a colony and their own institutions.
• The Constitutional Act in 1791 divided Québec in two, creating Upper and Lower Canada in which the citizens of Québec kept all the rights they had gained from the Québec Act in 1774.
• This strategy allowed the French and English cultures and languages to co-exist, building a bilingual country.
• Upper Canada is upstream and Lower Canada is downstream.

Conflict Renewed: The War of 1812

• By 1812, tensions between Britain and the United States had heated up again.
• Americans wanted to take over Britain's colonies.
• Britain was fighting France with Americans trading with France.
• British were kidnapping American sailors to serve in the British Navy.
• British were supporting the First Nations in the struggle for land.
• Americans, loyalists and First Nations had different views during the War of 1812.
• First Nations leader Tecumseh called on First Nations peoples to fight on the British side.

The War Unfolds

• British soldiers, local militia, and First Nations allies fought hard against the invaders.
• In April 1813, though, a fleet of American ships in Lake Ontario shot cannon fire at the town of York (now Toronto).
• American soldiers looted York's shops and houses.
• They burned down the colony's government building.

The Impact of the War

• The War of 1812 ended in a deadlock due to the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814.
• Both sides returned gained territory.
• The two sides agreed to make the 49th parallel of latitude the political boundary from west of the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains.
• Americans saw this war as a triumph over Britain.
• First Nations could not victory due to casualties, and the Americans refused a First Nations state.

The Great Migration

• After the War of 1812, Britain looked to settle more of the backwoods.
• Open the colonies towards, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
• 800 000 Immigrants migrated.
• The new ports in towns such as Halifax, Saint John, and Québec City were created.
• In Britain, there was a growing population with jobs that were scarce.
• Farmers were being forced off of their land.
• Poverty and hunger were coming with the famine that Ireland was facing.
• After peace, an ocean travel was safer.
• Free land, new opportunities, and a chance for a better life.

Coming to the Colonies

• Immigrants took place from Britain to Canada by ship.
• Weeks of travel for those with money or comfortable cabins.
• The majority of immigrants were traveling in dark and filthy holds on the deck where diseases ran rampant.
• Coffin ships would stop on the ships to try and reduce the number of people who died.
• Ships would have to travel to Maritime colonies.
• Up the St. Lawrence River from Quebec City and Montreal.
• Some newcomers traveled to Upper Canada.

The Terrible Year

• 30,000 immigrants arrived from Britain each year.
• Two-thirds from Ireland.
• 1847, immigration would leap to 100,000.
• Potato crop has failed.
• A typhus would outbreak.
• Ships from the voyage to Canada.
• Thousands of people died.
• A quarantine station.
• Newcomers stayed there to ensure they were not bringing diseases into the country.
• 5424 people were buried on Grosse-Île.
• Pioneer life.
• Reached where their plot of land and family.
• Rugged.

A Very British Colony

• Arriving from the British colonies with different identities.
• Areas of farming and new industries has had logging.
• Towns sprang up.
• Newcomers brought and have had a flavor to new communities.
• Followed British customs and traditions.
• People worked with loggers, miners, doctors, teachers etc.