Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was a significant long-term consequence of the War of 1812 regarding the United States' relationship with Native American tribes?
What was a significant long-term consequence of the War of 1812 regarding the United States' relationship with Native American tribes?
- Large reservations were created, giving tribes more autonomy.
- The U.S. government increasingly treated Native Americans as an "internal matter," diminishing their status as sovereign nations. (correct)
- The U.S. government formally recognized Native American tribes as sovereign nations with the right to form international alliances.
- Native American tribes were integrated into the U.S. military, becoming key allies in future conflicts.
Beyond territorial disputes, what ideological dimension was added to the conflict between Britain and France after the French Revolution?
Beyond territorial disputes, what ideological dimension was added to the conflict between Britain and France after the French Revolution?
- France aimed to restore the French monarchy in Britain.
- Both nations sought to establish colonies in Africa.
- France positioned itself as a champion of democracy against British despotism. (correct)
- Britain aimed to spread communism.
How did the War of 1812 influence the relationship between the United States and Great Britain?
How did the War of 1812 influence the relationship between the United States and Great Britain?
- It caused Great Britain to reimpose colonial rule over the United States.
- It led to continued conflict over territory in North America.
- It resulted in a lasting alliance between the two nations against France.
- It marked the end of military conflict and ushered in a period of real peace between the United States and Great Britain. (correct)
Considering the broader context of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, how did the conflict between Great Britain and France impact the United States?
Considering the broader context of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, how did the conflict between Great Britain and France impact the United States?
Why did Great Britain see troubles in North America as a 'sideshow' during the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
Why did Great Britain see troubles in North America as a 'sideshow' during the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
What role did Native American tribes play in the conflicts between European powers and the United States during the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
What role did Native American tribes play in the conflicts between European powers and the United States during the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
What was the main reason the British and French navies threatened the United States during Jefferson's presidency?
What was the main reason the British and French navies threatened the United States during Jefferson's presidency?
What was the result of the War of 1812?
What was the result of the War of 1812?
What was the primary concern that led Monroe and Adams to reject Canning's proposal for a joint declaration?
What was the primary concern that led Monroe and Adams to reject Canning's proposal for a joint declaration?
The Monroe Doctrine declared that the American continents should:
The Monroe Doctrine declared that the American continents should:
What was the immediate reaction of many European powers to the Monroe Doctrine?
What was the immediate reaction of many European powers to the Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine did NOT immediately affect which of the following?
The Monroe Doctrine did NOT immediately affect which of the following?
What broader historical trend does the Monroe Doctrine reflect in the context of Jeffersonian pragmatism?
What broader historical trend does the Monroe Doctrine reflect in the context of Jeffersonian pragmatism?
What was the primary motivation behind the War Hawks' push for war with Britain?
What was the primary motivation behind the War Hawks' push for war with Britain?
Why did Federalist oppose going to war with Britain?
Why did Federalist oppose going to war with Britain?
What miscalculation did James Madison make regarding the War of 1812?
What miscalculation did James Madison make regarding the War of 1812?
What belief led many Shawnees to think their situation worsened after the Treaty of Greenville in 1795?
What belief led many Shawnees to think their situation worsened after the Treaty of Greenville in 1795?
What impact did Tecumseh's death have on the War of 1812?
What impact did Tecumseh's death have on the War of 1812?
What event inspired Francis Scott Key to write 'The Star-Spangled Banner'?
What event inspired Francis Scott Key to write 'The Star-Spangled Banner'?
What did Tenskwatawa preach to the tribes to renew their culture and remove whites from their territory?
What did Tenskwatawa preach to the tribes to renew their culture and remove whites from their territory?
What role did Tecumseh play in conjunction with his brother Tenskwatawa's spiritual movement?
What role did Tecumseh play in conjunction with his brother Tenskwatawa's spiritual movement?
How did the abdication of Napoleon in 1814 affect the War of 1812?
How did the abdication of Napoleon in 1814 affect the War of 1812?
Why did Tecumseh travel as far south as Tennessee and Alabama in 1811?
Why did Tecumseh travel as far south as Tennessee and Alabama in 1811?
How did the British justify stirring up Indian opposition to the United States?
How did the British justify stirring up Indian opposition to the United States?
What action did Dolley Madison take during the British attack on Washington?
What action did Dolley Madison take during the British attack on Washington?
What was the main argument Tecumseh presented to the Choctaw and Chickasaw leaders in 1811?
What was the main argument Tecumseh presented to the Choctaw and Chickasaw leaders in 1811?
According to Tecumseh's 1810 speech, what evidence did he provide to show the U.S. government could not be trusted?
According to Tecumseh's 1810 speech, what evidence did he provide to show the U.S. government could not be trusted?
How did Jefferson's and Madison's political beliefs affect the early stages of the War of 1812?
How did Jefferson's and Madison's political beliefs affect the early stages of the War of 1812?
What was the strategic significance of the American naval victory on Lake Erie?
What was the strategic significance of the American naval victory on Lake Erie?
What was the purpose of Tecumseh's meeting with William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, in 1810?
What was the purpose of Tecumseh's meeting with William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, in 1810?
Which of the following best describes the attitude of Canadians during the War of 1812?
Which of the following best describes the attitude of Canadians during the War of 1812?
What event directly followed Tecumseh's attempt to establish peace with William Henry Harrison?
What event directly followed Tecumseh's attempt to establish peace with William Henry Harrison?
Which of the following best describes the significance of Tecumseh's death at the Battle of the Thames?
Which of the following best describes the significance of Tecumseh's death at the Battle of the Thames?
How did the actions of William Henry Harrison in November 1811 affect the efforts of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?
How did the actions of William Henry Harrison in November 1811 affect the efforts of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?
What was the result of the American attack on Canada during the early stages of the War of 1812?
What was the result of the American attack on Canada during the early stages of the War of 1812?
What was Tecumseh's ultimate goal in forming an all-Indian alliance?
What was Tecumseh's ultimate goal in forming an all-Indian alliance?
What was the impact of the Royal Navy's blockade on the Atlantic coast during the War of 1812?
What was the impact of the Royal Navy's blockade on the Atlantic coast during the War of 1812?
What was the primary objective of the British attack on New Orleans during the War of 1812?
What was the primary objective of the British attack on New Orleans during the War of 1812?
Why was it difficult for whites and Indians to live side by side in peace, according to the content?
Why was it difficult for whites and Indians to live side by side in peace, according to the content?
How did the outcome of the Battle of New Orleans impact the Treaty of Ghent and the overall perception of the war?
How did the outcome of the Battle of New Orleans impact the Treaty of Ghent and the overall perception of the war?
What viewpoint did Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts express to President Madison regarding the potential benefits of war with Britain?
What viewpoint did Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts express to President Madison regarding the potential benefits of war with Britain?
What was the significance of the British burning of the Capitol and White House in 1814?
What was the significance of the British burning of the Capitol and White House in 1814?
What was the significance of Prophetstown?
What was the significance of Prophetstown?
What was the main issue that led New England Federalists to convene the Hartford Convention in 1814?
What was the main issue that led New England Federalists to convene the Hartford Convention in 1814?
How did Tecumseh attempt to prevent the continued loss of Native American lands?
How did Tecumseh attempt to prevent the continued loss of Native American lands?
What was the ultimate result of the Hartford Convention?
What was the ultimate result of the Hartford Convention?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?
Why did Great Britain ultimately agree to the Treaty of Ghent, restoring pre-war boundaries and conditions?
Why did Great Britain ultimately agree to the Treaty of Ghent, restoring pre-war boundaries and conditions?
How did frontier whites react to Tecumseh's efforts to form a united Indian resistance?
How did frontier whites react to Tecumseh's efforts to form a united Indian resistance?
How did New England governors demonstrate their opposition to the War of 1812?
How did New England governors demonstrate their opposition to the War of 1812?
What specific right did the Hartford Convention assert, reflecting tensions between state and federal authority?
What specific right did the Hartford Convention assert, reflecting tensions between state and federal authority?
What impact did the War of 1812 have on the Native American population east of the Mississippi River?
What impact did the War of 1812 have on the Native American population east of the Mississippi River?
What role did Jean Lafitte and his men play in the Battle of New Orleans?
What role did Jean Lafitte and his men play in the Battle of New Orleans?
How did the British naval blockades impact the United States during The War of 1812?
How did the British naval blockades impact the United States during The War of 1812?
Which of the following best describes the overall military outcome of the War of 1812?
Which of the following best describes the overall military outcome of the War of 1812?
Why was the American delegation willing to stall negotiations with the British during the Treaty of Ghent?
Why was the American delegation willing to stall negotiations with the British during the Treaty of Ghent?
How did Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 affect the Creek Nation?
How did Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 affect the Creek Nation?
What was the immediate financial impact of the War of 1812 on the United States?
What was the immediate financial impact of the War of 1812 on the United States?
Which of the following best describes the state of the U.S. military at the conclusion of the War of 1812?
Which of the following best describes the state of the U.S. military at the conclusion of the War of 1812?
What was the significance of the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 between the United States and Britain?
What was the significance of the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 between the United States and Britain?
What was a key long-term consequence of the War of 1812 regarding American manufacturing?
What was a key long-term consequence of the War of 1812 regarding American manufacturing?
How did the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe impact the United States following the War of 1812?
How did the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe impact the United States following the War of 1812?
What was the impact of the War of 1812 on Native American tribes in the United States?
What was the impact of the War of 1812 on Native American tribes in the United States?
What was the significance of the Anglo-American Convention following the War of 1812?
What was the significance of the Anglo-American Convention following the War of 1812?
How did individuals like Daniel Boone contribute to American expansionism during the early 19th century?
How did individuals like Daniel Boone contribute to American expansionism during the early 19th century?
Which of the following best summarizes the contrasting views of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster regarding the War of 1812?
Which of the following best summarizes the contrasting views of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster regarding the War of 1812?
How did the actions of Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison during the War of 1812 contribute to territorial expansion?
How did the actions of Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison during the War of 1812 contribute to territorial expansion?
What was a primary motivation behind American settlers moving into territories like Spanish-controlled Missouri in the early 19th century?
What was a primary motivation behind American settlers moving into territories like Spanish-controlled Missouri in the early 19th century?
What was the prevailing attitude of American settlers in territories beyond U.S. borders regarding the role of the American government?
What was the prevailing attitude of American settlers in territories beyond U.S. borders regarding the role of the American government?
Assuming the United States had lost the War of 1812, what is the most likely alternative outcome regarding westward expansion?
Assuming the United States had lost the War of 1812, what is the most likely alternative outcome regarding westward expansion?
How did the end of the War of 1812 and subsequent treaties contribute to a shift in American foreign policy?
How did the end of the War of 1812 and subsequent treaties contribute to a shift in American foreign policy?
How did the Louisiana Purchase influence American expansionist ambitions in the years leading up to and following the War of 1812?
How did the Louisiana Purchase influence American expansionist ambitions in the years leading up to and following the War of 1812?
What was the key challenge for Monroe and Adams regarding the Greek and Spanish revolts?
What was the key challenge for Monroe and Adams regarding the Greek and Spanish revolts?
Why did Monroe and Adams view Russian claims to the Oregon Territory as a 'dangerous European intrusion'?
Why did Monroe and Adams view Russian claims to the Oregon Territory as a 'dangerous European intrusion'?
What was the primary reason the United States recognized the independence of Latin American states in 1822?
What was the primary reason the United States recognized the independence of Latin American states in 1822?
Why was George Canning's proposal for a joint British-American declaration regarding European intervention in the Americas problematic for Monroe and Adams?
Why was George Canning's proposal for a joint British-American declaration regarding European intervention in the Americas problematic for Monroe and Adams?
What was the significance of the 1824 treaty between the United States and Russia?
What was the significance of the 1824 treaty between the United States and Russia?
What was the main idea behind the Monroe Doctrine?
What was the main idea behind the Monroe Doctrine?
How did the Monroe administration balance its desire to expand U.S. power with existing international relations?
How did the Monroe administration balance its desire to expand U.S. power with existing international relations?
What was the specific threat posed by Russia that prompted the Monroe Doctrine?
What was the specific threat posed by Russia that prompted the Monroe Doctrine?
Which factor most influenced the Monroe administration's cautious approach to the Greek and Spanish revolts?
Which factor most influenced the Monroe administration's cautious approach to the Greek and Spanish revolts?
What long-term impact did John Quincy Adams's diplomatic efforts have on the United States?
What long-term impact did John Quincy Adams's diplomatic efforts have on the United States?
How did the activities of the Russian-American Company contribute to the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine?
How did the activities of the Russian-American Company contribute to the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine?
Which of the following best describes the strategic calculation behind the Monroe Doctrine?
Which of the following best describes the strategic calculation behind the Monroe Doctrine?
How did domestic considerations influence the Monroe administration's foreign policy decisions?
How did domestic considerations influence the Monroe administration's foreign policy decisions?
Why did the United States ultimately pursue its foreign policy goals independently rather than jointly with Great Britain, as suggested by George Canning?
Why did the United States ultimately pursue its foreign policy goals independently rather than jointly with Great Britain, as suggested by George Canning?
What connection can be drawn between the actions of Russian Tsar Alexander I and the subsequent declaration of the Monroe Doctrine?
What connection can be drawn between the actions of Russian Tsar Alexander I and the subsequent declaration of the Monroe Doctrine?
What was a primary concern for the United States regarding Spain's control over Florida?
What was a primary concern for the United States regarding Spain's control over Florida?
Which of the following best describes Andrew Jackson's actions in Florida in 1817?
Which of the following best describes Andrew Jackson's actions in Florida in 1817?
What was the main reason Spain was willing to cede Florida to the United States in the Adams-Onís Treaty?
What was the main reason Spain was willing to cede Florida to the United States in the Adams-Onís Treaty?
Besides the United States, which countries had claims to the Oregon Territory in the early 19th century?
Besides the United States, which countries had claims to the Oregon Territory in the early 19th century?
What was John Quincy Adams's primary motivation for advocating for an American presence in the Oregon Territory?
What was John Quincy Adams's primary motivation for advocating for an American presence in the Oregon Territory?
How did the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 address the Oregon Territory?
How did the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 address the Oregon Territory?
How did the United States strengthen its claim to Oregon?
How did the United States strengthen its claim to Oregon?
What role did the Seminole Indians play in the conflicts leading to the annexation of Florida?
What role did the Seminole Indians play in the conflicts leading to the annexation of Florida?
How did Monroe and Adams use Andrew Jackson’s actions in Florida to their advantage in negotiations with Spain?
How did Monroe and Adams use Andrew Jackson’s actions in Florida to their advantage in negotiations with Spain?
What was the significance of executing Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Armbrister during Jackson's campaign?
What was the significance of executing Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Armbrister during Jackson's campaign?
What was the U.S. financial obligation as part of the Adams-Onís Treaty?
What was the U.S. financial obligation as part of the Adams-Onís Treaty?
Why did American settlers cross into Florida despite international boundaries?
Why did American settlers cross into Florida despite international boundaries?
How did the U.S. government initially respond to Jackson's proposal to seize Florida?
How did the U.S. government initially respond to Jackson's proposal to seize Florida?
What was Hillis Hadjo's significance in the context of the conflicts in Florida?
What was Hillis Hadjo's significance in the context of the conflicts in Florida?
What was the initial basis of the U.S. claim to Oregon compared to other countries?
What was the initial basis of the U.S. claim to Oregon compared to other countries?
What was the primary reason for the British Royal Navy's practice of impressment of sailors from U.S. merchant vessels?
What was the primary reason for the British Royal Navy's practice of impressment of sailors from U.S. merchant vessels?
How did the Embargo Act of 1807 impact the American economy?
How did the Embargo Act of 1807 impact the American economy?
What was the main objective of the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, which replaced the Embargo Act?
What was the main objective of the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, which replaced the Embargo Act?
What event triggered President Jefferson to state, 'This country has never been in such a state of excitement since the battle of Lexington'?
What event triggered President Jefferson to state, 'This country has never been in such a state of excitement since the battle of Lexington'?
What was the significance of Macon's Bill No. 2 in the context of Anglo-American relations?
What was the significance of Macon's Bill No. 2 in the context of Anglo-American relations?
What was the aim of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa's confederacy?
What was the aim of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa's confederacy?
Why did the British believe impressment was vital to their survival?
Why did the British believe impressment was vital to their survival?
How did Jefferson's previous actions contribute to the United States' weakness in the face of British aggression?
How did Jefferson's previous actions contribute to the United States' weakness in the face of British aggression?
What action did the legislatures of Massachusetts and Connecticut take in response to the Embargo Act, and what historical precedent did they invoke?
What action did the legislatures of Massachusetts and Connecticut take in response to the Embargo Act, and what historical precedent did they invoke?
What was the primary miscalculation made by President Jefferson regarding the Embargo Act?
What was the primary miscalculation made by President Jefferson regarding the Embargo Act?
In the early 1800s, how did the differing political leanings of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties influence the United States' relationship with European powers?
In the early 1800s, how did the differing political leanings of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties influence the United States' relationship with European powers?
What role did smuggling play during the Embargo Act of 1807, and what does it reveal about the Act's effectiveness?
What role did smuggling play during the Embargo Act of 1807, and what does it reveal about the Act's effectiveness?
How did British control of the seas pose a greater threat to the United States than concerns about who controlled the European continent?
How did British control of the seas pose a greater threat to the United States than concerns about who controlled the European continent?
What assumption was made by white settlers regarding the relationship between Tecumseh/Tenskwatawa, and the British?
What assumption was made by white settlers regarding the relationship between Tecumseh/Tenskwatawa, and the British?
Between 1803 and 1812, how many American citizens were estimated to have been impressed into service on British warships?
Between 1803 and 1812, how many American citizens were estimated to have been impressed into service on British warships?
Flashcards
War of 1812
War of 1812
Conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain from 1812-1815.
Impact of the War of 1812
Impact of the War of 1812
Marked the end of significant conflicts between the U.S. and Great Britain.
Native American Alliances (War of 1812)
Native American Alliances (War of 1812)
The War of 1812 was the last war in which Indian tribes allied with foreign nations against the U.S.
Causes of the War of 1812
Causes of the War of 1812
Long-standing tensions and maritime disputes that had persisted since the American Revolution.
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Great Britain's World War
Great Britain's World War
Great Britain was engaged in a prolonged global conflict with France during the War of 1812.
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French Role in the American Revolution
French Role in the American Revolution
France aided the American colonists during the Revolution.
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French Revolution Ideology
French Revolution Ideology
France saw themselves as the agents of democracy against a despotic coalition led by Britain.
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British Ideology
British Ideology
Britain saw themselves as defenders of the free world against Napoleonic tyranny.
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Tenskwatawa
Tenskwatawa
Shawnee spiritual leader who preached against dependence on white culture.
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Waashaa Monetoo
Waashaa Monetoo
Belief that the Shawnee's problems stemmed from displeasing the "Good Spirit."
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Prophetstown
Prophetstown
Settlement founded by Tenskwatawa in Indiana for spiritual renewal.
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Tecumseh
Tecumseh
Shawnee military leader who sought to unite tribes against white expansion.
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Treaty of Greenville
Treaty of Greenville
Agreement (1795) where Shawnees lost land after conflicts.
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All-Indian Alliance
All-Indian Alliance
Tecumseh's goal to create an alliance to stop white expansion.
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William Henry Harrison
William Henry Harrison
Governor of Indiana Territory who attacked Prophetstown.
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Attack on Prophetstown
Attack on Prophetstown
Action by Harrison that escalated tensions with native tribes.
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United Resistance
United Resistance
Tecumseh's warning of tribes being conquered separately if disunited.
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Treaty Violations
Treaty Violations
Breaking of promises leading to distrust.
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Dependence on White Culture
Dependence on White Culture
Reliance on European items by Native American tribes.
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Cotton Clothing
Cotton Clothing
Replacement of traditional clothing with cotton clothes
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European-style Houses
European-style Houses
European-style houses replacing traditional housing
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British Authorities
British Authorities
Tecumseh sought help from this country in Canada.
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Thomas Kirker
Thomas Kirker
Ohio governor who made a peace agreement with Tecumseh in 1807.
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Impressment
Impressment
Policy of the British Royal Navy seizing sailors from U.S. ships, forcing them into British naval service.
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Embargo Act of 1807
Embargo Act of 1807
U.S. law that stopped American ships from trading with foreign ports to avoid seizure by British or French forces.
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Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Act replacing the Embargo Act, allowing trade with all nations except Britain and France.
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Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)
Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)
Modified version of the Non-Intercourse Act that aimed to pressure Britain and France.
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Battle of Fallen Timbers
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Battle where the U.S. Army defeated Indian tribes in 1794, leading to a period of peace in the Ohio country.
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Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Treaty that followed the Battle of Fallen Timbers, ceding land from Native Americans to the U.S.
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British Naval Dependence
British Naval Dependence
Belief that Britain relied heavily on its navy to protect the island and dominate the oceans.
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Sailor Desertion
Sailor Desertion
Act of deserting military service and joining another crew, often on U.S. merchant vessels.
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Seizing Sailors
Seizing Sailors
Stopping ships and forcing sailors into service.
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USS Chesapeake Incident (1807)
USS Chesapeake Incident (1807)
Event where the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake.
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Jefferson's Foreign Policy
Jefferson's Foreign Policy
Jefferson's policy to avoid war.
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The Prophet
The Prophet
Shawnee religious figure.
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New England Seccession crisis
New England Seccession crisis
New England considered to seceed.
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Early British victories
Early British victories
Key British victories include Detroit, Michillimackinac, Queenston Heights and Washington D.C.
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Key American forts
Key American forts
Fort Defiance, Fort Meigs and Fort Stephenson were important locations for American troop movements.
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Impact on Indian Tribes
Impact on Indian Tribes
The Shawnees and Creeks Tribes never regained significant power after the conflict.
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U.S. Financial State
U.S. Financial State
The U.S. government was nearly bankrupt and defaulted on its debts during the war.
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Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
It officially ended the War of 1812.
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Commercial Treaty (Post-1812)
Commercial Treaty (Post-1812)
Established trading rights between the U.S. and Britain.
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Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
Guaranteed the disarmament of the Great Lakes.
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Anglo-American Convention
Anglo-American Convention
Resolved border issues between the U.S. and Canada.
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War of 1812 Industries
War of 1812 Industries
Allowed the U.S. to become more self-sufficient industrially.
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Psychological Impact
Psychological Impact
The U.S. emerged more confident and proud.
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James Madison
James Madison
Succeeded Jefferson as president and served during the War of 1812.
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James Monroe
James Monroe
Followed Madison as president during a period of expansion.
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Harrison's Victories
Harrison's Victories
Opened Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to white settlement.
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Jackson's victories impact
Jackson's victories impact
Opened up lands in Mississippi and Alabama
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Louisiana Purchase influence
Louisiana Purchase influence
Confirmed American citizens rights to expand to the west.
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Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine
A U.S. foreign policy opposing European colonization in the Americas.
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Noninvolvement in Europe
Noninvolvement in Europe
The principle of avoiding involvement in the internal affairs of European powers.
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Free and Independent Americas
Free and Independent Americas
The idea that nations in the Americas were free and independent and should not be subject to European colonization.
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Jeffersonian Pragmatism
Jeffersonian Pragmatism
A practical approach to foreign policy, focusing on national interests and adapting to changing circumstances.
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Territorial and Economic Expansion
Territorial and Economic Expansion
Claiming new influence and control.
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Red Eagle (William Weatherford)
Red Eagle (William Weatherford)
A Creek leader who surrendered after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
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Treaty of Fort Jackson
Treaty of Fort Jackson
Treaty in which Creeks ceded 25 million acres to the US after defeat at Horseshoe Bend.
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Ghent, Belgium
Ghent, Belgium
The location where American and British delegates met to end the War of 1812.
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Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war boundaries and resolving some issues.
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Hartford Convention
Hartford Convention
New England meeting where Federalists discussed secession and nullification in 1814.
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Nullification
Nullification
The right of states to block congressional actions within their borders.
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Battle of New Orleans (1815)
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
Andrew Jackson's decisive victory over the British, fought after the peace treaty was signed.
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Edward Pakenham
Edward Pakenham
British general defeated by Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.
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USS Constitution
USS Constitution
The name of the American ship which engaged and defeated HMS Guerriere.
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Jean Lafitte
Jean Lafitte
Pirate who aided the US in the Battle of New Orleans
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Battle of the Thames
Battle of the Thames
Ended Tecumseh's confederacy and opened Ohio/Indiana to settlement.
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Ended Creek and Cherokee resistance in the South in March 1814.
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Trade Issues (War of 1812)
Trade Issues (War of 1812)
US wanted free trade, Britain wanted to restrict it.
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Federalist Opposition
Federalist Opposition
Federalists opposed territorial expansion.
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Impact on New England
Impact on New England
Led to economic devastation in New England due to disrupted shipping.
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Who was Tecumseh?
Who was Tecumseh?
Native American leader who allied with the British during the War of 1812, leading his tribal confederation against the Americans.
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Who were the War Hawks?
Who were the War Hawks?
Members of Congress who pushed for war with Britain, seeking territorial expansion, especially into Canada and Florida.
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Who was Henry Clay?
Who was Henry Clay?
Kentucky congressman who, as a leader of the War Hawks, advocated for war with Britain to expand U.S. territory.
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War of 1812 disagreements?
War of 1812 disagreements?
Federalists believed war with Britain was unnecessary and detrimental to commerce; Democratic-Republicans, including Madison, initially opposed war but later supported it due to British actions.
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Madison's War declaration?
Madison's War declaration?
Madison, despite prior reservations about war's impact on government power, requested a declaration of war against Britain in June 1812.
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Canada attack outcome (1812)?
Canada attack outcome (1812)?
The U.S. attack on Canada was a failure due to a weak army, underestimation of British and Canadian resistance, and strong British-Indian alliances.
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Tecumseh's Canadian role?
Tecumseh's Canadian role?
Tecumseh played a crucial role in defending Canada from American attacks during the War of 1812, and is remembered as a hero in Canada.
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Lake Erie Victory (War of 1812)?
Lake Erie Victory (War of 1812)?
An American naval victory on Lake Erie under Oliver Hazard Perry boosted morale and provided a new national hero.
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Tecumseh Death?
Tecumseh Death?
Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames in 1813, marking a significant victory for the U.S. Army over British and Indian forces.
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Burning of Washington D.C.?
Burning of Washington D.C.?
The British raided Washington D.C. in 1814, burning the Capitol and the White House.
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Dolley Madison's actions?
Dolley Madison's actions?
First Lady Dolley Madison saved important state papers and a portrait of George Washington before the British burned the White House.
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Star-Spangled Banner origin?
Star-Spangled Banner origin?
Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" after witnessing the American flag's survival during the British bombardment of Fort McHenry.
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Fort McHenry significance?
Fort McHenry significance?
British bombardment of Fort McHenry failed on Sept 13, 1814, inspiring the Star Spangled Banner.
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War of 1812 Congressional support?
War of 1812 Congressional support?
The war was approved by a narrow margin in Congress, highlighting a lack of national consensus and leading to a difficult conflict.
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Symbolism of burnt buildings?
Symbolism of burnt buildings?
The burning of the Capitol and White House symbolized a low point for the U.S. during the War of 1812, occurring shortly after these buildings began serving as the center of American government.
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West and East Florida
West and East Florida
Territories controlled by Spain after the War of 1812, comprising roughly southern Mississippi and Alabama (West) and present-day Florida (East).
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Oregon Territory
Oregon Territory
Territory claimed by multiple European powers, including Spain, Great Britain, and Russia; also of interest to the United States.
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Spanish Control of Florida
Spanish Control of Florida
Presented a threat to U.S. shipping and allowed escaped slaves to find refuge.
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Seminole Indians
Seminole Indians
Native American group in Florida who welcomed escaped slaves and resisted American expansion.
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Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
Military hero who advocated seizing Florida and was given vague orders to attack the Seminoles.
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John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State who skillfully used 'the Jackson Magic' to pressure Spain regarding Florida.
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Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)
Treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States and transferred rights to the Oregon Territory.
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Spanish Colonial Independence Movements
Spanish Colonial Independence Movements
Spain's primary concern, leading them to trade Florida for assurances about Texas and revolutions in South America.
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Anglo-American Convention (1818)
Anglo-American Convention (1818)
Agreement between Britain and the United States allowing for joint control of the Pacific Northwest for ten years.
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Transfer of Spanish Rights to Oregon
Transfer of Spanish Rights to Oregon
Territory to which Spain transferred its rights to the United States in the Adams-Onís Treaty.
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Importance of Oregon
Importance of Oregon
Extended U.S. influence for fur trade and Pacific trade with Asia.
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$5 Million
$5 Million
The United States paid this amount to assume Spanish debts as part of the Adams-Onís Treaty.
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The 'Jackson Magic'
The 'Jackson Magic'
Diplomatic strategy of distancing from Jackson while leveraging his popularity to pressure Spain.
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Hudson's Bay Company
Hudson's Bay Company
Included a trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River, representing the largest European settlement in the Oregon Territory.
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1824 Treaty with Russia
1824 Treaty with Russia
Treaty with Russia that set Alaska's border farther north.
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Oregon Territory (early 1800s)
Oregon Territory (early 1800s)
Territory jointly owned by the U.S. and Britain.
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Adams' Border Treaties
Adams' Border Treaties
Treaties negotiated by John Quincy Adams that established borders and U.S. rights.
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49th Parallel
49th Parallel
Border established between the U.S. and Canada.
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Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
U.S. would not allow European intervention or acquisition of new territory in the Americas.
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1822 U.S. Recognition
1822 U.S. Recognition
The U.S. recognized Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru as independent nations.
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Tsar Alexander I
Tsar Alexander I
Russian Tsar who pressed claims to Alaska and the Oregon Territory.
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Alexander's Imperial Edict (1821)
Alexander's Imperial Edict (1821)
Claimed much of the Pacific coast for Russia and gave trading rights to the Russian-American Company.
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Canning's Proposal
Canning's Proposal
George Canning proposed a joint declaration opposing European intervention in the Americas.
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Sitka, Alaska
Sitka, Alaska
A major Russian colony in Alaska.
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U.S. Territorial Ambitions
U.S. Territorial Ambitions
U.S. desire to eventually acquire parts of the Spanish Empire.
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Limit European Influence
Limit European Influence
Main reason Secretary of State John Quincy Adams created Monroe Doctrine.
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Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru
Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru
Independent states recognized by the US in 1822.
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U.S. Goals in Latin America
U.S. Goals in Latin America
U.S. wanted to be the region's benefactor and trade partner with Latin America.
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- President Jefferson worked to expand the U.S. and resolve tensions with the Barbary pirates.
- Jefferson's efforts to protect the U.S. at sea negatively impacted the economy.
- Issues during Jefferson's presidency escalated into the War of 1812 under President James Madison.
- The War of 1812 lasted from 1812 to 1815.
- The War of 1812 resolved issues hindering U.S. development and ushered in a period of growth.
- The War of 1812 was the last conflict between the United States and Great Britain.
- The War of 1812 was the last war where Indian tribes allied with foreign nations against each other.
- After the war, the U.S. government stopped recognizing Native Americans as sovereign nations.
Renewed Tension between the United States and Great Britain
- Tensions between the U.S. and Great Britain dated back to 1775.
- Both nations allied with Indian tribes to create problems for each other.
- British involvement in North America was secondary to their world war with France, beginning in 1689 and lasting until 1815.
- Early wars between Britain and France were about territory, but after the French Revolution in 1789, the conflict became ideological.
- The French saw themselves as agents of democracy against a coalition led by Britain.
- The British viewed themselves as defenders against Napoleon's tyranny.
- Federalist Party in the U.S. leaned towards Britain, while the Democratic-Republicans favored France.
- By 1806, Napoleon controlled most of Europe, while Britain controlled the seas.
- British sea control posed a greater threat to the U.S. than who controlled Europe.
- Britain depended on its navy for defense and ocean dominance, but faced shortages of sailors.
- British sailors often deserted to join U.S. merchant vessels due to better conditions and pay.
- The British stopped U.S. ships to search for deserters and impress seamen into service.
- Impressment threatened American freedom and economic survival.
- Between 1803 and 1812, 3,000 to 6,000 Americans were forced into service on British warships.
- In June 1807, the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake, killing three Americans and seizing four sailors.
- President Jefferson said the country was in a state of excitement since the battle of Lexington.
- Congress passed a Non-Importation Act, but it was ineffective.
- Jefferson initiated the Embargo Act in 1807, preventing U.S. trade with foreign ports.
- Jefferson believed Britain would suffer without American goods and Americans would accept short-term losses for peace.
- British warehouses were full, and other nations were willing to sell food.
- Most Americans wanted to maintain their income from commerce.
- New England shipping was devastated, and farmers lost money.
- Smuggling became common across the border between New England and Canada.
- Massachusetts and Connecticut declared the embargo illegal, leading to talk of secession.
- In 1809 Congress replaced the embargo with the Non-Intercourse Act
- The Non-Intercourse Act authorized trade with everyone except Britain and France.
- Tensions between the U.S. and Great Britain grew during Madison's first term.
- In 1810, Macon's Bill No. 2 further strained relations, with British impressments continuing.
Renewed Tension between Whites and Indians
- Warfare between the U.S. and Indian tribes broke out in the Ohio country.
- After the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, the Old Northwest had been at peace.
- A tribal alliance led by Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) and Tecumseh challenged the U.S. Army.
- Many believed Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were aided by the British.
- After losses from the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, many Shawnees thought that their problem was from displeasing Waashaa Monetoo (the Good Spirit).
- Tenskwatawa preached that dependence on white culture angered the Good Spirit.
- Tribes became dependent on European muskets, clothing, cookware, and houses.
- Tenskwatawa promised renewal if people renounced European ways and goods.
- He created Prophetstown, where tribes gathered for spiritual renewal.
- While Tenskwatawa preached, Tecumseh prepared for war.
- Tecumseh sought help from British authorities in Canada.
- Tecumseh traveled South to recruit Cherokees, Choctaws, and Creeks.
- Tecumseh wanted an all-Indian alliance to drive whites from the land south of Canada and between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi.
- In September 1807, Thomas Kirker and Tecumseh agreed to peace.
- In November 1811, William Henry Harrison attacked Prophetstown, burning the village.
- A year later, Tecumseh led his tribal confederation in war on the Americans, with British support.
War and Its Consequences
- War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay and Felix Grundy, wanted war with Britain for territorial expansion.
- War Hawks believed the U.S. could seize Canada and attack Spanish colonies in Florida.
- Elbridge Gerry argued that war would "purify" the country.
- Federalists saw war as a result of Democratic-Republican hostility towards Britain.
- Madison had previously opposed war.
- In June 1812, Madison asked Congress for a war declaration against Britain.
- The war resolution passed by a narrow margin.
- Madison believed the war would be quick and inexpensive, but he was incorrect.
- The attack on Canada failed because Jefferson and Madison kept the army weak.
- In July 1812, Detroit fell to the British and Indians led by Tecumseh.
- Battles along the frontier were brutal, with both sides committing atrocities.
- The Royal Navy enforced a tight blockade, damaging the U.S. economy.
- Oliver Hazard Perry's naval victory on Lake Erie made him a hero.
- Tecumseh was killed in October 1813 at the Battle of the Thames, ending thoughts of conquering Canada.
- By 1814, the war worsened for the U.S.
- In August 1814, British troops burned Washington, including the Capitol and White House.
- Dolley Madison saved state papers and a painting of George Washington before fleeing.
- In September, the British bombardment of Fort McHenry failed, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner."
- American forces stopped a British invasion of New York in September.
- Tecumseh’s death ended the tribal coalition he had built.
- At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814, Andrew Jackson defeated a Creek and Cherokee alliance.
- The Treaty of Fort Jackson forced the Creeks to give up land in Georgia and Alabama.
- American peace negotiators met with the British in Ghent, Belgium, resulting in the Treaty of Ghent.
- Britain wanted to end the war to conserve resources.
- The Treaty of Ghent returned all borders and issues to their pre-war status.
- Napoleon's return to power in 1815 made the British want concentrate efforts in Europe.
- Federalist delegates convened the Hartford Convention in December 1814, demanding peace and discussing secession.
- The Hartford Convention proposed the right of nullification and amendments to protect New England's power.
- The Battle of New Orleans was fought after the peace treaty was signed.
- On January 8, 1815, Jackson's army defeated the British, making Jackson a hero.
- The victory at New Orleans convinced the British that they should honor the treaty.
- Many died more than anticipated in the War of 1812
- Indian tribes lost power after the war.
- The U.S. was bankrupt, and the government defaulted on its debts.
- The Treaty of Ghent and Jackson’s victory in New Orleans was met with celebrations.
- The end of Britain’s war with France ended its conflict with the U.S.
- Britain and the U.S. negotiated a commercial treaty.
- The Rush-Bagot Treaty in 1817 disarmed the Great Lakes.
- The Anglo-American Convention resolved the U.S. and Canada border.
- After the war, the U.S. was more self-sufficient.
- The war left the U.S. more confident
Expanding American Territory and Influence
- Territorial expansion continued under Presidents James Madison and James Monroe.
- During this time, three political allies from the same party and state governed the nation.
- In 1799, Daniel Boone moved to Spanish-controlled Missouri, assuming American sovereignty would follow.
- Americans settled in Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and California, expecting U.S. protection and annexation.
- Government officials approved expansion to consolidate regional control.
- William Henry Harrison's victories over the Shawnees opened Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to white settlement.
- Andrew Jackson's defeat of the Creeks and Cherokees opened land in Mississippi and Alabama.
- After the British ceded the lands in 1783 and the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. wanted to annex West and East Florida, controlled by Spain, and the Oregon Territory claimed by several European powers.
Florida and Oregon
- West Florida included the southern third of Mississippi and Alabama, while East Florida was today's state of Florida.
- U.S. foreign control of these lands threatened shipping.
- Slaves could escape to Florida along a long border.
- Seminole Indians and escaped slaves created communities against the Americans.
- Settlers north of Florida demanded protection from Seminoles and Creeks.
- In 1817, Andrew Jackson seized Florida.
- Jackson's troops burned Seminole villages and crops.
- Jackson's troops seized Spanish forts and executed Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Armbrister.
- Jackson executed Seminole and Creek leaders, including Hillis Hadjo.
- Monroe and Adams distanced themselves from Jackson while using what Adams called “the Jackson Magic” to pressure Spain
- Spain ceded Florida to the United States but also agreed to transfer Spanish rights to the Oregon Territory to the United States.
- In the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty with Spain, the United had to pay $5 million to Spain to resolve debts.
- Spain, Great Britain, and Russia claimed the Oregon Territory along the Pacific coast.
- Russian fur traders settled in Alaska and almost as far south as San Francisco.
- British sea captains explored the Oregon coast.
- The Hudson’s Bay Company had a trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River.
- The U.S. had an interest in Oregon for the fur trade and trade with Asia.
- In 1818, Adams negotiated the Anglo-American Convention, giving Britain and the U.S. joint control of the Pacific Northwest for ten years.
- In 1824, Adams agreed to a treaty with Russia, setting Alaska's border farther north.
The Monroe Doctrine
- The U.S. agreed to stay away from Spain, California, and Texas
- The Monroe administration took further steps to consolidate the U.S. in the Americas
- In 1822, the U.S. officially recognized the new independent states of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.
- The United States meant to be both the Latin region’s benefactor and prime trade partner.
- In December 1823, President Monroe declared that the U.S. would not allow European intervention or new territory acquisition.
- This declaration became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
- Tsar Alexander I pressed Russian claims to Alaska and the Oregon Territory.
- In 1821, Alexander issued an imperial edict claiming much of the Pacific coast.
- Greek patriots and Spanish liberals revolted, creating a tricky situation for Monroe and Adams.
- George Canning proposed a joint British-American declaration opposing European intervention in the Americas.
- Monroe and Adams said they would declare noninvolvement in Europe
- They said any nation in the Americas that had assumed “free and independent conditions” would “henceforth not be considered as subjects of colonization by any European power.”
- The Monroe Doctrine became a bedrock of U.S. foreign policy.
- The U.S. was claiming new influence in North and South America.
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