WAN Technology Chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of leased lines in a private WAN infrastructure?

  • They are dedicated point-to-point connections. (correct)
  • They operate on a pay-per-use model.
  • They provide variable capacities based solely on distance.
  • They utilize satellite technology exclusively.

    • What technology is used to multiply bandwidth on a single strand of fiber-optic cable?

  • Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
  • Point-to-point leased lines
  • Ethernet WAN
  • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) (correct)

    • Which of the following is a disadvantage of using dialup WAN access?

  • It is only available in urban locations.
  • It provides high-speed connections.
  • It has limited bandwidth capabilities. (correct)
  • It can require physical network installations.

    • What is the main advantage of using public WAN infrastructure over private WAN infrastructure?

    <p>It is typically less expensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using VPNs in a public WAN?

    <p>To ensure data privacy and security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a T1 link's data transmission capability?

    <p>1.54 Mb/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following WAN access technologies generally requires more physical infrastructure?

    <p>Dedicated leased lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements accurately describes the service provider network infrastructure?

    <p>It consists mostly of high-bandwidth fiber-optic media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a cable modem in a network?

    <p>To connect a computer or LAN router to a cable television network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about WiMAX is true?

    <p>WiMAX coverage is similar to a cellular network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of satellite Internet service compared to cable and DSL?

    <p>It has significantly lower download speeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a VPN primarily provide when accessing a corporate network over the Internet?

    <p>An encrypted connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of VPN connects entire networks to one another?

    <p>Site-to-site VPNs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When selecting a WAN service, which factor is especially important regarding security?

    <p>Whether private or public infrastructure is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using a private WAN over a public WAN?

    <p>Increased security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when choosing a WAN connection?

    <p>Type of devices utilized in the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of using cellular service for WAN technology?

    <p>Higher data costs compared to fixed broadband</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of global reach, which WAN configuration connects multiple branches across different regions?

    <p>Many-to-many distributed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a modem in data transmission?

    <p>To convert binary data into an analog signal and vice versa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)?

    <p>ISDN requires a terminal adapter for Basic Rate Interface (BRI).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bit rate capacity of a Primary Rate Interface (PRI) in North America?

    <p>Up to 1.544 Mb/s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Frame Relay technology primarily defined?

    <p>As a Layer 2 non-broadcast multi-access WAN technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?

    <p>It is built on a cell-based architecture with fixed-length cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Ethernet standard allows for the longest transmission distance?

    <p>IEEE 1000BASE-ZX.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)?

    <p>It relies on path labels instead of IP addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of communication does Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) typically use?

    <p>Satellite communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a DSL modem?

    <p>To convert Ethernet signals to DSL signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical benefit of using Ethernet WAN over other technologies?

    <p>It reduces expenses and administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the cable access technology?

    <p>It offers greater bandwidth than traditional telephone lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the delta channel (D channel) in ISDN BRI typically handle?

    <p>Signaling and call setup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Frame Relay support multiple sites through a single router?

    <p>Using permanent virtual circuits (PVCs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cable modem translates digital signals into broadband frequencies used for transmitting on a telephone network.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WiMAX provides broad coverage similar to a cell phone network.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Satellite Internet has a faster upload speed than download speed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VPNs create encrypted connections between private networks over public networks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Municipal Wi-Fi networks are set up by some cities for free or lower cost than broadband.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A site-to-site VPN connects individual users to a corporate network.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cable and DSL typically offer higher download speeds compared to satellite systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subscribers must be within 100 miles of a WiMAX tower to access the network.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a public WAN infrastructure is generally less secure than using a private WAN infrastructure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular service technology can be used to connect devices such as laptops and tablets to the Internet.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Private WAN infrastructure options include packet switched links such as Ethernet WAN and Frame Relay.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A T1 link supports a data transmission rate of 2.048 Mb/s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) can multiplex more than 80 different channels of data onto a single fiber.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dialup WAN access typically provides high bandwidth and fast connections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Public WAN infrastructure options include services like DSL and cable access.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leased lines are often referred to as dedicated point-to-point links.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) is used for low-bandwidth connections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VPNs should not be used for securing data over public WAN connections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A modem demodulates the binary data into an analog signal at the source.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ISDN changes the internal connections of the PSTN from carrying digital signals to analog signals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Basic Rate Interface (BRI) in ISDN provides one 16 kb/s channel for signaling.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frame Relay technology is considered a Layer 2 non-broadcast multi-access WAN technology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATM technology uses a frame-based architecture to transfer voice, video, and data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet WAN service using fiber-optic cabling can provide enhanced business productivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) directs data using IP network addresses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) uses satellite communications to provide connectivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DSL does not require a modem to convert signals for transmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cable access technology provides less bandwidth than conventional telephone services.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The delta channel (D) in ISDN BRI is exclusively used for VoIP calls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frame Relay creates Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) identified by a data-link connection identifier (DLCI).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATM cells have a fixed length of 64 bytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet standards using older copper cables are still the primary WAN access option.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are two ways an enterprise can obtain WAN access: private WAN infrastructure and ______ WAN infrastructure.

    <p>public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A T1 link supports a data transmission rate of ______ Mb/s.

    <p>1.544</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Service provider networks consist mostly of high-bandwidth fiber-optic media, using standards such as Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) or ______ digital hierarchy.

    <p>synchronous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VPNs are recommended for protecting data traveling between corporate sites over a ______ WAN.

    <p>public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) can multiplex more than ______ different channels of data onto a single fiber.

    <p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dialup WAN access may be required when no other WAN ______ is available.

    <p>technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leased lines vary in price depending on the required ______ and the distance between the two connected paths.

    <p>bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traditional local loops utilize ______ cabling to transport binary computer data over the voice telephone network.

    <p>copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cable modem connects a computer or a LAN router to the cable modem termination system (CMTS) for transmitting digital signals over a ______ network.

    <p>cable television</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WiMAX provides broad coverage similar to a ______ network rather than relying solely on Wi-Fi hotspots.

    <p>cell phone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A VSAT provides two-way data communications via ______ Internet, which is typically used in rural areas.

    <p>satellite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VPNs are needed to ensure security when accessing the corporate WAN over the ______.

    <p>Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are two types of VPN access: site-to-site VPNs and ______-access VPNs.

    <p>remote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular technology allows devices like phones, tablets, and laptops to communicate through a nearby mobile phone ______.

    <p>tower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Public Internet infrastructure is generally less secure, but offers the most ______ and lowest ongoing expenses.

    <p>flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WiMAX uses a network of WiMAX towers that are similar to ______ phone towers for broad coverage.

    <p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When choosing a WAN connection, factors such as geographic scope and ______ requirements must be considered.

    <p>traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With VPN technology, an encrypted connection is created using virtual connections called ______ tunnels.

    <p>VPN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A modem modulates binary data into an analog signal at the source and demodulates the analog signal to ______ data at the destination.

    <p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) enables the local loop of a PSTN to carry ______ signals.

    <p>digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ISDN, the Basic Rate Interface (BRI) provides two 64 kb/s bearer channels (B) and a 16 kb/s ______ channel.

    <p>delta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frame Relay is used to interconnect enterprise LANs and can accommodate data rates of up to ______ Mb/s.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology uses a ______-based architecture instead of a frame-based architecture.

    <p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet WAN service using fiber-optic cabling provides ______ expenses and administration.

    <p>reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) directs data from one router to the next based on ______ path labels.

    <p>short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) creates a private WAN using ______ communications.

    <p>satellite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DSL is an always-on connection technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport ______ data.

    <p>high-bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cable modems provide an always-on connection and are connected using ______ cable.

    <p>coaxial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ISDN connects the PSTN's internal connections to ______ signals.

    <p>digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ATM cell consists of a 5-byte ______ and 48 bytes of ATM payload.

    <p>header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Primary Rate Interface (PRI) in North America delivers 23 B channels with 64 kb/s and one D channel with ______ kb/s.

    <p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Frame Relay, the PVCs are uniquely identified by a data-link connection ______.

    <p>identifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN access technologies with their characteristics:

    <p>Dialup = Uses modems and analog telephone lines for low capacity connections Leased Lines = Dedicated point-to-point connections usually leased from a service provider DSL = Broadband Internet using telephone lines Cable = Broadband Internet delivered through cable television infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN infrastructure types with their descriptions:

    <p>Private WAN = Typically involves leased lines and dedicated connections Public WAN = Relies on shared networks like the Internet PSTN = Public switched telephone network for voice calls VPN = Creates secure connections over public networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fiber-optic technologies with their capabilities:

    <p>SONET = Standard for high-bandwidth fiber-optic communication SDH = International standard for synchronous digital hierarchy DWDM = Allows multiple channels of data on a single fiber T-carrier = Defines digital transmission capacity in North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN characteristics with their types:

    <p>Point-to-point link = Dedicated connection usually leased from a provider ISDN = Integrated Services Digital Network for digital communication ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode for data transmission Frame Relay = Packet-switched network technology for variable bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN terminologies with their definitions:

    <p>Bandwidth = The maximum rate of data transfer across a network Latency = The time delay in data transmission across a network Throughput = The actual rate of successful data transfer Modem = Device that modulates and demodulates signals for transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN service types with their examples:

    <p>Leased Circuits = Dedicated lines for businesses PSTN = Voice communication via traditional telephone DSL = High-speed Internet over phone lines Satellite = Internet service provided via satellite technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following network features with their technologies:

    <p>Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing = Increases bandwidth on a single fiber Synchronous Optical Networking = Used for high-bandwidth fiber communications T1 = Supports 1.544 Mb/s data transmission Frame Relay = Technology for efficient data packet switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their related WAN access methods:

    <p>Cable Access = Delivers Internet via coaxial cable Satellite Access = Provides Internet from orbiting satellites Analog Modem = Converts digital data to analog for transmission VPN = Securely connects networks over the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN technologies with their primary characteristics:

    <p>ISDN = Circuit-switching technology for digital signals Frame Relay = Layer 2 non-broadcast multi-access technology ATM = Cell-based architecture for voice and video DSL = Uses twisted-pair telephone lines for high-bandwidth data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ISDN interfaces with their characteristics:

    <p>BRI = Two 64 kb/s bearer channels and one 16 kb/s delta channel PRI = 23 B channels with 64 kb/s and one D channel for signaling TDM = Transfers multiple signals as subchannels in one communication channel TA = Device to connect ISDN BRI to a router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cable types with their maximum transmission distances:

    <p>Ethernet (IEEE 10000Base-LX) = 5 km Ethernet (IEEE 1000BASE-ZX) = 70 km Coaxial Cable = Varies with installation Twisted-Pair Telephone Lines = Less than 56 kb/s transmission rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Ethernet WAN characteristics with their benefits:

    <p>Reduced expenses = Cost-effective network management Easy integration = Seamless attachment to existing infrastructure Business productivity = Enhanced performance for operations High bandwidth = Greater data transport capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions with the correct terms:

    <p>MPLS = Multiprotocol high-performance WAN technology DLCI = Data-link connection identifier for PVCs VSAT = Satellite communication for remote connectivity Frame Relay = Uses PVCs for communication between devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with the respective technologies:

    <p>Cable = Provides connection via coaxial cables DSL = Always-on high-bandwidth connection Frame Relay = Can connect multiple sites using PVCs ATM = Uses fixed-length cells for data and voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following satellite communication characteristics with the correct feature:

    <p>VSAT = Very Small Aperture Terminal Geosynchronous orbit = Satellite positioned 35,786 km away Bandwidth requirements = 20% more than Frame Relay Analog to digital conversion = Required for DSL modem operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following broadband technologies with their features:

    <p>Cable modem = Always-on connection with coaxial cable DSL modem = Converts Ethernet signal to DSL signal ISDN = High capacity through digital signal switching ATM = Cell-based architecture for efficient data transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these terms with their related concepts in WAN infrastructure:

    <p>Private WAN = Often relies on leased lines Public WAN = Uses existing telecommunications networks MPLS = Directs data based on labels Frame Relay = Established using virtual circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN technologies with their typical use cases:

    <p>ISDN = Backup connection for leased lines Frame Relay = Interconnecting enterprise LANs ATM = Transferring voice, video, and data DSL = Supporting home workers with internet access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their respective technologies:

    <p>ISDN = Uses time-division multiplexing Frame Relay = Bidirectional communication via DLCIs DSL = Requires a modem for connection Cable = Higher bandwidth than traditional phone lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following technologies with their network layers:

    <p>ATM = Layer 2 technology DSL = Transport layer technology Frame Relay = Layer 2 WAN technology MPLS = Operates across multiple protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>DSLAM = Device multiplexing multiple DSL subscriber lines PVC = Permanent virtual circuit in Frame Relay T1 = A type of leased line supporting 1.544 Mb/s Ethernet WAN = Uses fiber-optic cables for transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these satellite communication features with their characteristics:

    <p>VSAT = Uses small satellite dishes Geosynchronous = Static relative to the earth's surface Delay = High latency due to distance Bandwidth = Limited compared to other wired technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN technologies with their primary features:

    <p>WiMAX = High-speed broadband over long distances Satellite Internet = Used in rural areas with two-way data communication 3G/4G Cellular = Connects devices through mobile phone towers Municipal Wi-Fi = Free or low-cost public wireless networks in cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of VPN access with their descriptions:

    <p>Site-to-site VPN = Connects entire networks to each other Remote-access VPN = Enables individual users to connect securely Layer 2 VPN = Uses dedicated connections like leased lines IPsec VPN = Secures internet protocol communications over a VPN tunnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN infrastructure types with their characteristics:

    <p>Private WAN = Offers better security than public WAN Public WAN = More flexible and lower ongoing costs Dedicated WAN = Provides consistent bandwidth Switched WAN = Shares bandwidth among multiple users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following broadband connection types with their benefits:

    <p>Cable = Higher download speeds compared to analog modems DSL = Widely available and reliable for broadband Satellite = Effective in rural areas without cable infrastructure Fiber-optic = Supports extremely high-speed data transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct broadband technology:

    <p>WiMAX = Similar coverage to cellular technologies Cable modem = Translates digital to broadband frequencies DSL modem = Uses telephone lines for data transport VSAT = Two-way satellite communication system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following VPN benefits to their appropriate descriptions:

    <p>Cost savings = Reduces the need for physical infrastructure Scalability = Easily adjusts to increasing user demands Security = Encrypts data over public networks Compatibility = Works with various broadband technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following connection factors with their appropriate considerations:

    <p>Traffic requirements = Defines the type and volume of data Geographic scope = Determines the extent of connection (local vs global) Connection option costs = Assesses the financial aspects of different connections Security options = Evaluates protection needs for the data being transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following broadband technologies with their relevant limitations:

    <p>Satellite Internet = Slower upload speeds compared to download speeds WiMAX = Requires proximity to towers for service Cellular service = Limited by network coverage and speed Municipal Wi-Fi = Often faces bandwidth-sharing issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of connections with their definitions:

    <p>T1 link = Data transmission rate of 2.048 Mb/s Leased line = Dedicated point-to-point connectivity Dial-up connection = Low bandwidth and slower speeds Frame Relay = Packet-switched network communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following broadband features with their descriptions:

    <p>Download speed = Speed of data received from the Internet Upload speed = Speed of data sent to the Internet Latency = Delay in data transmission Bandwidth = Maximum data transfer rate of a network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    WAN Services Overview

    • WAN access options include private infrastructures (dedicated leased lines, circuit-switched links like PSTN/ISDN, and packet-switched links like Ethernet WAN, ATM, and Frame Relay) and public infrastructures (broadband Internet via DSL, cable, or satellite).
    • Data traveling over public WANs requires protection, typically using VPNs for security.

    Service Provider Network Infrastructure

    • Service provider networks primarily use high-bandwidth fiber-optic media, adhering to standards like SONET or SDH.
    • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a modern technology that increases fiber capacity, supporting over 80 data channels and each at 10 Gb/s.

    Private WAN Infrastructures

    • Leased Lines:

      • Can be referred to as leased circuits or serial links; they vary in cost based on bandwidth and distance.
      • T-carrier systems define digital transmission capacity in North America, e.g., T1 supports 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Dialup:

      • Utilized in areas without other WAN options, offering low-capacity connections through analog telephone lines.
      • Modems modulate digital signals to analog and back, restricted to speeds under 56 kb/s.

    • ISDN:

      • Circuit-switched technology that provides higher capacity connections by transmitting digital signals via PSTN. Supports time-division multiplexing (TDM).
      • ISDN has Basic Rate Interface (BRI) providing 2 x 64 kb/s channels and Primary Rate Interface (PRI) delivering 23 channels up to 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Frame Relay:

      • A Layer 2, non-broadcast multi-access WAN technology that supports up to 4 Mb/s and creates Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) for data transfer.
      • Identifies circuits using Data-Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs).

    • ATM:

      • A cell-based technology for voice, video, and data, known for fixed-length cells (53 bytes).
      • Requires more bandwidth than Frame Relay due to higher overhead for packet reassembly.

    • Ethernet WAN:

      • Benefits from fiber-optic technology, reducing costs and enhancing network integration and productivity.
      • Replacing older WAN technologies like Frame Relay and ATM.

    • MPLS:

      • A multiprotocol high-performance WAN technique using short path labels for directing data.
      • Compatible with various payload types such as IPv4, IPv6, and Frame Relay.

    • VSAT:

      • A solution for remote connectivity using satellite communications, providing connections to geosynchronous satellites placed 35,786 km away.

    Public WAN Infrastructures

    • DSL:

      • Maintains an always-on connection via twisted-pair telephone lines, capable of high bandwidth.
      • Requires a DSL modem and uses a DSLAM for multiplexing multiple connections.

    • Cable:

      • Offers better bandwidth via coaxial cables, supported by cable modems providing easy installations.
      • Relies on a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) for communication between modems and the internet.

    • Wireless:

      • Developments like Municipal Wi-Fi and WiMAX allow broader and faster networks.
      • WiMAX extends coverage similar to cellular networks, requiring proximity to towers.

    • 3G/4G Cellular:

      • Wireless technology providing internet access in remote areas using radio waves to connect devices to mobile towers.

    VPN Technology

    • VPNs are essential for secure access over public networks, creating encrypted connections known as VPN tunnels.
    • Advantages of VPNs include cost savings, enhanced security, scalability, and compatibility with broadband technologies.
    • Two VPN types: site-to-site (connecting entire networks) and remote-access (enabling individual user access securely).

    Selecting WAN Services

    • Key considerations include WAN purpose, geographic scope, traffic requirements, and service quality.
    • Choices between private infrastructure (better security) and public infrastructure (flexibility and lower costs) must be evaluated.
    • Factors for connection decisions involve available options, budget constraints, and required security measures.

    WAN Services Overview

    • WAN access options include private infrastructures (dedicated leased lines, circuit-switched links like PSTN/ISDN, and packet-switched links like Ethernet WAN, ATM, and Frame Relay) and public infrastructures (broadband Internet via DSL, cable, or satellite).
    • Data traveling over public WANs requires protection, typically using VPNs for security.

    Service Provider Network Infrastructure

    • Service provider networks primarily use high-bandwidth fiber-optic media, adhering to standards like SONET or SDH.
    • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a modern technology that increases fiber capacity, supporting over 80 data channels and each at 10 Gb/s.

    Private WAN Infrastructures

    • Leased Lines:

      • Can be referred to as leased circuits or serial links; they vary in cost based on bandwidth and distance.
      • T-carrier systems define digital transmission capacity in North America, e.g., T1 supports 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Dialup:

      • Utilized in areas without other WAN options, offering low-capacity connections through analog telephone lines.
      • Modems modulate digital signals to analog and back, restricted to speeds under 56 kb/s.

    • ISDN:

      • Circuit-switched technology that provides higher capacity connections by transmitting digital signals via PSTN. Supports time-division multiplexing (TDM).
      • ISDN has Basic Rate Interface (BRI) providing 2 x 64 kb/s channels and Primary Rate Interface (PRI) delivering 23 channels up to 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Frame Relay:

      • A Layer 2, non-broadcast multi-access WAN technology that supports up to 4 Mb/s and creates Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) for data transfer.
      • Identifies circuits using Data-Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs).

    • ATM:

      • A cell-based technology for voice, video, and data, known for fixed-length cells (53 bytes).
      • Requires more bandwidth than Frame Relay due to higher overhead for packet reassembly.

    • Ethernet WAN:

      • Benefits from fiber-optic technology, reducing costs and enhancing network integration and productivity.
      • Replacing older WAN technologies like Frame Relay and ATM.

    • MPLS:

      • A multiprotocol high-performance WAN technique using short path labels for directing data.
      • Compatible with various payload types such as IPv4, IPv6, and Frame Relay.

    • VSAT:

      • A solution for remote connectivity using satellite communications, providing connections to geosynchronous satellites placed 35,786 km away.

    Public WAN Infrastructures

    • DSL:

      • Maintains an always-on connection via twisted-pair telephone lines, capable of high bandwidth.
      • Requires a DSL modem and uses a DSLAM for multiplexing multiple connections.

    • Cable:

      • Offers better bandwidth via coaxial cables, supported by cable modems providing easy installations.
      • Relies on a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) for communication between modems and the internet.

    • Wireless:

      • Developments like Municipal Wi-Fi and WiMAX allow broader and faster networks.
      • WiMAX extends coverage similar to cellular networks, requiring proximity to towers.

    • 3G/4G Cellular:

      • Wireless technology providing internet access in remote areas using radio waves to connect devices to mobile towers.

    VPN Technology

    • VPNs are essential for secure access over public networks, creating encrypted connections known as VPN tunnels.
    • Advantages of VPNs include cost savings, enhanced security, scalability, and compatibility with broadband technologies.
    • Two VPN types: site-to-site (connecting entire networks) and remote-access (enabling individual user access securely).

    Selecting WAN Services

    • Key considerations include WAN purpose, geographic scope, traffic requirements, and service quality.
    • Choices between private infrastructure (better security) and public infrastructure (flexibility and lower costs) must be evaluated.
    • Factors for connection decisions involve available options, budget constraints, and required security measures.

    WAN Services Overview

    • WAN access options include private infrastructures (dedicated leased lines, circuit-switched links like PSTN/ISDN, and packet-switched links like Ethernet WAN, ATM, and Frame Relay) and public infrastructures (broadband Internet via DSL, cable, or satellite).
    • Data traveling over public WANs requires protection, typically using VPNs for security.

    Service Provider Network Infrastructure

    • Service provider networks primarily use high-bandwidth fiber-optic media, adhering to standards like SONET or SDH.
    • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a modern technology that increases fiber capacity, supporting over 80 data channels and each at 10 Gb/s.

    Private WAN Infrastructures

    • Leased Lines:

      • Can be referred to as leased circuits or serial links; they vary in cost based on bandwidth and distance.
      • T-carrier systems define digital transmission capacity in North America, e.g., T1 supports 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Dialup:

      • Utilized in areas without other WAN options, offering low-capacity connections through analog telephone lines.
      • Modems modulate digital signals to analog and back, restricted to speeds under 56 kb/s.

    • ISDN:

      • Circuit-switched technology that provides higher capacity connections by transmitting digital signals via PSTN. Supports time-division multiplexing (TDM).
      • ISDN has Basic Rate Interface (BRI) providing 2 x 64 kb/s channels and Primary Rate Interface (PRI) delivering 23 channels up to 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Frame Relay:

      • A Layer 2, non-broadcast multi-access WAN technology that supports up to 4 Mb/s and creates Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) for data transfer.
      • Identifies circuits using Data-Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs).

    • ATM:

      • A cell-based technology for voice, video, and data, known for fixed-length cells (53 bytes).
      • Requires more bandwidth than Frame Relay due to higher overhead for packet reassembly.

    • Ethernet WAN:

      • Benefits from fiber-optic technology, reducing costs and enhancing network integration and productivity.
      • Replacing older WAN technologies like Frame Relay and ATM.

    • MPLS:

      • A multiprotocol high-performance WAN technique using short path labels for directing data.
      • Compatible with various payload types such as IPv4, IPv6, and Frame Relay.

    • VSAT:

      • A solution for remote connectivity using satellite communications, providing connections to geosynchronous satellites placed 35,786 km away.

    Public WAN Infrastructures

    • DSL:

      • Maintains an always-on connection via twisted-pair telephone lines, capable of high bandwidth.
      • Requires a DSL modem and uses a DSLAM for multiplexing multiple connections.

    • Cable:

      • Offers better bandwidth via coaxial cables, supported by cable modems providing easy installations.
      • Relies on a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) for communication between modems and the internet.

    • Wireless:

      • Developments like Municipal Wi-Fi and WiMAX allow broader and faster networks.
      • WiMAX extends coverage similar to cellular networks, requiring proximity to towers.

    • 3G/4G Cellular:

      • Wireless technology providing internet access in remote areas using radio waves to connect devices to mobile towers.

    VPN Technology

    • VPNs are essential for secure access over public networks, creating encrypted connections known as VPN tunnels.
    • Advantages of VPNs include cost savings, enhanced security, scalability, and compatibility with broadband technologies.
    • Two VPN types: site-to-site (connecting entire networks) and remote-access (enabling individual user access securely).

    Selecting WAN Services

    • Key considerations include WAN purpose, geographic scope, traffic requirements, and service quality.
    • Choices between private infrastructure (better security) and public infrastructure (flexibility and lower costs) must be evaluated.
    • Factors for connection decisions involve available options, budget constraints, and required security measures.

    WAN Services Overview

    • WAN access options include private infrastructures (dedicated leased lines, circuit-switched links like PSTN/ISDN, and packet-switched links like Ethernet WAN, ATM, and Frame Relay) and public infrastructures (broadband Internet via DSL, cable, or satellite).
    • Data traveling over public WANs requires protection, typically using VPNs for security.

    Service Provider Network Infrastructure

    • Service provider networks primarily use high-bandwidth fiber-optic media, adhering to standards like SONET or SDH.
    • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a modern technology that increases fiber capacity, supporting over 80 data channels and each at 10 Gb/s.

    Private WAN Infrastructures

    • Leased Lines:

      • Can be referred to as leased circuits or serial links; they vary in cost based on bandwidth and distance.
      • T-carrier systems define digital transmission capacity in North America, e.g., T1 supports 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Dialup:

      • Utilized in areas without other WAN options, offering low-capacity connections through analog telephone lines.
      • Modems modulate digital signals to analog and back, restricted to speeds under 56 kb/s.

    • ISDN:

      • Circuit-switched technology that provides higher capacity connections by transmitting digital signals via PSTN. Supports time-division multiplexing (TDM).
      • ISDN has Basic Rate Interface (BRI) providing 2 x 64 kb/s channels and Primary Rate Interface (PRI) delivering 23 channels up to 1.544 Mb/s.

    • Frame Relay:

      • A Layer 2, non-broadcast multi-access WAN technology that supports up to 4 Mb/s and creates Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) for data transfer.
      • Identifies circuits using Data-Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs).

    • ATM:

      • A cell-based technology for voice, video, and data, known for fixed-length cells (53 bytes).
      • Requires more bandwidth than Frame Relay due to higher overhead for packet reassembly.

    • Ethernet WAN:

      • Benefits from fiber-optic technology, reducing costs and enhancing network integration and productivity.
      • Replacing older WAN technologies like Frame Relay and ATM.

    • MPLS:

      • A multiprotocol high-performance WAN technique using short path labels for directing data.
      • Compatible with various payload types such as IPv4, IPv6, and Frame Relay.

    • VSAT:

      • A solution for remote connectivity using satellite communications, providing connections to geosynchronous satellites placed 35,786 km away.

    Public WAN Infrastructures

    • DSL:

      • Maintains an always-on connection via twisted-pair telephone lines, capable of high bandwidth.
      • Requires a DSL modem and uses a DSLAM for multiplexing multiple connections.

    • Cable:

      • Offers better bandwidth via coaxial cables, supported by cable modems providing easy installations.
      • Relies on a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) for communication between modems and the internet.

    • Wireless:

      • Developments like Municipal Wi-Fi and WiMAX allow broader and faster networks.
      • WiMAX extends coverage similar to cellular networks, requiring proximity to towers.

    • 3G/4G Cellular:

      • Wireless technology providing internet access in remote areas using radio waves to connect devices to mobile towers.

    VPN Technology

    • VPNs are essential for secure access over public networks, creating encrypted connections known as VPN tunnels.
    • Advantages of VPNs include cost savings, enhanced security, scalability, and compatibility with broadband technologies.
    • Two VPN types: site-to-site (connecting entire networks) and remote-access (enabling individual user access securely).

    Selecting WAN Services

    • Key considerations include WAN purpose, geographic scope, traffic requirements, and service quality.
    • Choices between private infrastructure (better security) and public infrastructure (flexibility and lower costs) must be evaluated.
    • Factors for connection decisions involve available options, budget constraints, and required security measures.

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    Description

    Explore the various WAN connection options presented in Chapter 3. This quiz covers the advantages and disadvantages of different WAN technologies, including dedicated leased lines and circuit-switched links. Test your understanding of how enterprises can obtain WAN access.

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