Questions and Answers
What is Hamilton's rule regarding altruistic behavior in eusocial species?
What is the genetic relation between a haploid male and his diploid mother?
Why are worker bees considered sterile yet they contribute to the colony?
How is gender determined in thrips?
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What does the haplodiploid hypothesis propose?
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What is the probability that two worker sisters in haplodiploidy share the same gene from their mother?
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Which factor is NOT part of Hamilton's rule?
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What is the primary function of the waggle dance in bees?
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What is the genetic relatedness coefficient (r) between a drone and a queen in haplodiploidy?
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What is one of the proposed routes to the evolution of eusociality?
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How does the superorganismal view of a colony of bees influence their work?
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How does relatedness (R) influence altruistic behavior according to Hamilton's rule?
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What does the tremble dance in bees primarily signal?
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What is the chromosome count for male drones in haplodiploidy?
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What does a returning forager rely on to understand the number of foragers or processors?
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How many chromosomes do diploid females possess in haplodiploidy?
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In eusocial colonies, such as honeybees, who typically reproduces?
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What is a common outcome of mutualism in the context of eusociality?
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What is the genetic relatedness between two worker sisters in haplodiploidy?
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Which dance is more focused on recruiting processors back to the hive?
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What happens to an unfertilized egg in haplodiploidy?
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Which of the following characteristics are essential for a species to be classified as eusocial?
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In which insect order has eusociality evolved the most times?
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What is a notable behavioral trait exhibited by sterile individuals in eusocial species?
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Which of the following is NOT a eusocial species?
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Why does the existence of eusocial species pose challenges to the theory of natural selection?
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Which of the following taxa includes more than one species that exhibits eusocial behavior?
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What evolutionary factor does eusociality challenge in Darwin's theory?
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Which of these behaviors is considered altruistic in eusocial species?
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What is the coefficient of relatedness between sisters in honeybees?
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In terms of inclusive fitness, why is raising a sister more beneficial for a worker than raising her own offspring?
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What evolutionary benefit does the stinging behavior of honeybee workers provide?
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How does haplodiploidy affect the relatedness of males to females in honeybee colonies?
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What factor counteracts the high relatedness to sisters in honeybee colonies?
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What promotes the evolution of a worker caste in haplodiploid species?
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How do honeybee workers gain inclusive fitness?
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What must honeybee workers sacrifice for their stinging behavior to be evolutionarily advantageous?
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Study Notes
Mechanics of the Waggle Dance
- Waggle dance allows foragers to symbolically communicate food supply information to others.
- Successful foragers regulate work within a colony based on supply and demand.
- Tremble dance inhibits other foragers from waggling and recruits processors for nectar storage and ripening.
Eusociality in Insects
- Eusociality characterized by:
- Overlapping generations
- Cooperative brood care
- Specialized castes of non-reproductive individuals
- Different insect orders exhibit varying frequencies of eusociality, with Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps) showing the highest at 11 incidents.
Altruism and Sterile Individuals
- Sterile individuals exhibit extreme altruistic behavior, aiding the colony's survival without direct genetic benefit.
- Altruism raises questions for natural selection by challenging how traits can persist if individuals forgo breeding for the benefit of others.
Evolution of Eusociality
- The haplodiploid hypothesis explains the prevalence of altruism in eusocial species like honeybees, enabling workers to raise more sisters, thus increasing their inclusive fitness.
- Genetic relatedness is higher between sisters than between parents and offspring, allowing for cooperative breeding.
Hamilton’s Rule
- Altruistic behavior can spread in populations if the benefits to the recipient times their relatedness exceed the cost to the altruist (R x B > C).
- Cost (C) and benefit (B) measured in terms of surviving offspring numbers.
Haplodiploidy
- In haplodiploid species:
- Males (drones) are haploid, having one set of chromosomes.
- Females (workers and queens) are diploid, having two sets.
- Drones share 100% of their genes with their mother (queen), while sisters share about 75% due to a mix of maternal and paternal genes.
Inclusive Fitness
- Workers can enhance their inclusive fitness by aiding in the production of more sisters, as it offers a higher genetic payoff compared to raising their own offspring.
- The concept of "inclusive fitness" highlights the evolutionary advantages of helping relatives reproduce.
Kin Selection and Stinging Behavior
- Honey bee workers' self-sacrificing stinging behavior can be favored by natural selection if it aids the survival of relatives that share their genes.
- Worker policing mechanisms ensure genetic relatedness and altruism are maintained in the colony.
Reevaluation of Eusociality Models
- Later models considered reproductive value and sex ratios, revealing that high relatedness to sisters can be offset by lower relatedness to brothers.
- Worker policing and selective breeding within the colony support the continued relevance of the haplodiploid hypothesis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the mechanics of the waggle dance, a critical communication method used by foraging bees. This quiz will explore how bees convey information about food sources through symbolic dance movements. Videos are available for reference to enhance understanding.
