Questions and Answers
As discussed in the Chapter 11 lecture, the _____________ Test looks at whether a film includes at least two female characters who 1) have names and 2) talk to each other about something other than a man.
Bechdel
Women writers, like Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, made early and significant contributions to which genre of literature? (Select all that apply)
In 1837, Sara Joseph Hale accepted the editorship of ________________, turning it into one of the most successful (and one of the first) periodicals to form around an audience of women readers.
Godey's Lady's Book
A pioneer in the traditionally male-dominated field of sportswriting, _______________ focused on prizefighting.
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Early Hollywood representations of women were dominated by _______________ values.
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To distinguish itself from television and draw audiences, film got increasingly 'sexy' in the 1950s, and began to showcase women in more suggestive roles.
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In 2003, Sophia Coppola became the first woman to win an Oscar for Best Director, for her film Lost in Translation.
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The history of film does have one prominent role that women often filled: __________.
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Related to the femme fatale, the ________ is an archetype characterized as an exotic, seductive, sexual female who lures men with her charm and feminine appeal.
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Although 1960s America saw the feminist movement call for increased rights and opportunities for women, Hollywood largely ignored this and continued to portray women as sexual objects. When films did feature independent, strong women, they were typically ___________.
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___________ theory explains that women learn to evaluate themselves according to their perceived value as sexual objects of desire.
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In her groundbreaking work, Jean Kilbourne identified the trend of ____________ in advertising, which refers to how women's bodies are reduced to separate, sexualized parts.
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As discussed in the lecture, feminist film scholar ____________ argued that women in film function on two levels: as an erotic object for the characters within the narrative, and as an erotic object for the audience in the theater.
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The process of self-surveillance/self-objectification over time can lead to unhealthy attitudes about one's physical appearance and how that appearance fails to meet ideal beauty standards. This is called ________.
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As discussed in the lecture, ___________ is a term conceived of to explain surveillance not from above but from below, by everyday citizens.
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As discussed in the lecture, _____________ refers to a cultural process through which a group reclaims the language, artifacts, or tools that have been used to oppress them.
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Conceived of as the perfect prison, the _____________, designed by philosopher Jeremy Bentham, keeps prisoners in check through the constant awareness of surveillance.
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In class, we discussed the GQ magazine shoot of characters from the television show The Vampire Diaries as an example of the sexualization of young women in media.
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In class, we looked at examples from ESPN The Magazine's Body Issue to illustrate how gendered bodies are displayed in media as active or passive.
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According to your textbook, college students may be more susceptible to the influence of self-objectifying media because of the amount of media to which they may be exposed.
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Chapter 12 identifies a new demographic group defined by marketers, dubbed the ______________, who represent booming multicultural wealth.
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Groupthink describes situations where individuals think collectively and behave cohesively in response to a perceived threat.
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According to Irving Janis, key organizational factors can provide conditions for groupthink tendencies to form. Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the eight symptoms of groupthink according to Janis?
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According to Chapter 12, although other stereotypes seem to be the most prevalent, _________ may be the biggest stereotype undermining all of advertising.
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Often dubbed the 'father of public relations,' Edward Bernays cofounded his agency with his wife, _________________, who was much admired for her strategic planning.
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Chapter 13 introduces examples of how alcohol manufacturers have used public-relations activities to enhance their brands. Which of the following is NOT one of those examples?
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Often referred to as the 'First Lady of Public Relations,' Betsy Plank was the first woman president of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA).
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_________________________ first coined the term 'public relations,' as well as developing an early version of the news release.
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According to your textbook, the biggest public relations story about the television show Scandal is how effectively the show's creator, ___________________, has used strategic communication tactics to promote the series.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the six media literacy concepts outlined in Chapter 1? (Select all that apply)
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As a field, media literacy has grown rapidly in recent decades.
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Often emphasized in class, ___________ help(s) us to identify patterns, make connections that cross historical and cultural boundaries, and define meaning.
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________________ means 'ideal.' It may be used to define our understanding of, for example, ideal masculinity as defined by culture, society, and media.
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In the Frontline documentary The Merchants of Cool, the archetype represented by teen stars like Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera is referred to as the 'dream girl.'
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As discussed in your textbook, _______________ theory posits that those who own the media and their various transmission channels of communication exert ideological domination and control over the rest of us.
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Discussed in your textbook, _________________ posits that if determined, one can go from rags to riches; if you work hard, you can succeed.
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___________ is defined as the shared beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation, society, or group of people.
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Media literacy refers to ways in which we learn to 'read' and 'understand' the mass distributed media.
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As discussed in class, _____________ theory seeks to explain how we position the negative behavior of others as 'aberrational' or 'systemic.'
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_______________ theory focuses on the effect television viewing has on how people perceive the world.
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Research shows heavy television viewers tend to believe the world is more violent than it really is and tend to fear being a crime victim. This is known as the ____________________.
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'Polysemic' texts have just one meaning, which can be identified by close examination.
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Research finds that the more people are exposed to words and images related to hostility and aggression, the more negative their evaluation afterwards of a target person. This is known as ___________, which occurs when we are exposed to media frames that act as a stimulus on how we think and react to a particular message.
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_____________ theory suggests that the media select and emphasize certain aspects of issues in ways that promote a particular interpretation.
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The agenda-setting role of the media refers to its ability to define certain issues as important.
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_________________ refers to the process through which individuals come to adopt the behaviors and values of a group.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of Critical Race Theory discussed in the lecture?
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Those in the media workforce who distribute news and information to us have been dubbed by theorists as __________, because they select what reports and intelligence they will send through the media gates.
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Focusing on relationships of power and dominance, the critical-cultural perspective suggests that media content helps to nurture a system that keeps the dominant class in power.
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Strongly associated with power, status, and wealth, ____________ is a form of legal or cultural property that provides material or symbolic privileges to people perceived to have a certain skin tone.
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Race is considered a construct of a set of social and cultural understandings of human difference.
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Under the ____________ model of American assimilation, immigrants would shed the language, customs, and identities of their old homelands and adopt those of the land in which they lived.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages of assimilation in Yancey's model of Black and non-Black dichotomy?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the groups in Doane and Bonilla-Silva's tri-racial hierarchy?
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_________________________________ focused on media stereotypes when he articulated the idea that the media give us 'the pictures in our heads.'
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____________ can be defined as a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinct group based largely on their membership within that group.
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Research has found that the bulk of local news coverage tends to prime stereotypes of African-American males as dark and dangerous.
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__________ are brain-classification patterns that help people sort out the world around them without a lot of mental effort, by telling them the basic characteristics of the things they encounter.
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As discussed in class, whiteness has been described as a 'visible norm.'
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The acronym AHANA stands for African, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American.
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The nation's first newspaper for African Americans, Freedom's Journal, was first published in _______________ in 1827.
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The Hutchins Commission report gave rise to a philosophy on the role of the press that we now call _________________, which argues that the press has an obligation to be more responsive to society's needs.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five Hutchins Commission Press Standards?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three conclusions reached by the Kerner Commission in its analysis of print and broadcast news coverage of urban racial violence in America?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages in the evolution of AHANA news coverage as outlined by Wilson and Gutierrez?
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As discussed in the lecture, social media have played a vital role in covering issues of race, class, and gender, like Twitter's role in the recent coverage of Ferguson.
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David Shaw's 1990 'Coloring the News' study found that reporters often lumped all Hispanic groups and all Asian groups together, despite distinct culture and language distinctions.
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In 1978, the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) set the year 2000 as the deadline for making U.S. newsrooms reflect the diversity percentages of the nation. This failed, and a new goal has been set for _________.
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As defined by Entman, ___________ refers to hostility toward African-Americans, resentment of their aspirations, and denial that discrimination is still a problem.
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In the episode of 'Father Knows Best' we viewed in class, the dad is desperate to get out of the house to go ______________ with his next-door neighbor.
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_________________, a television show featuring upper-class African Americans, suggested that the 'good life' is possible for anyone willing to work hard partially through its theme song, 'We're Moving on Up.'
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In the 1980s, ________________ strongly focused on 'trickle-down' materialism and relentless pursuit of the American dream. This was echoed in television, with shows about wealthy families replacing those about the working class.
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As discussed in the lecture, normative masculinity is often defined by two roles: the __________ and the ___________.
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As discussed in the lecture, characters like Peter Griffin in 'Family Guy' and Homer Simpson in 'The Simpsons' represent a trend called the failed father figure.
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A prevalent Latino stereotype from early cinema to today is the ________, typically a mustachioed Mexican man with dark, oily skin who was depicted as a lazy, hot-tempered, violent, and trouble-causing bandit.
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By the late 1920s and 1930s, film audiences were given a more sophisticated Latino stereotype: the mysterious, forbidden ___________ figure, a highly sexualized and sensuous man or woman depicted as having insatiable appetites.
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The ___________________ stereotype, suggesting that Asian Americans are a model for other Americans of color, developed in the 1960s and remains strong in representations in contemporary media.
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Up until recent decades, Asian women in American films typically have been portrayed as either sexually permissive, alluring, demure, and exotic beauties or the sinister, sexually deviant Dragon Lady.
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The World War II years reflected a marked rise in movie images of Latin American cities as U.S. government propaganda, called the ________________ Policy, celebrated U.S. ties with Latin American nations.
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According to Chapter 10, in the 1950s, Hollywood westerns became a staple of American television along with the _____________________, who was characterized as a composite stereotype with traits from a variety of American Indian cultures.
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Images of Native Americans as bloodthirsty and noble savages persisted throughout the nineteenth century under the prevailing ideology and political philosophy of _____________, a doctrine describing how Anglo settlers believed it both their duty and God-given right to civilize America's native inhabitants.
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As discussed in the Chapter 10 lecture, more and more Native American filmmakers are participating in redefining classic (and problematic) media imagery. A great local example of this is the 2007 Sundance award-winning movie _______________, written and directed by Oklahoman Sterlin Harjo.
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The advent of 'talkies' in American film history cemented the power of the Hollywood Studio System; as new sound technology was incredibly expensive, many independent production companies (including some run by African Americans) could not afford to upgrade and collapsed.
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The rise of __________________ films in the 1970s, such as 1974's Foxy Brown, opened up many opportunities for African American actors, but they were still largely written and directed by white men.
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In the lecture on Chapter 10, examples of fears of miscegenation in media are represented through examples from two films nearly eight decades apart, __________________ and ___________________.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five main stereotypes that defined African-American images in early Hollywood film?
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The clip we viewed in class from new Netflix series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an example of what has recently been termed 'hipster racism,' a kind of comedy that excuses its potentially problematic content through a self-aware 'wink' to the audience.
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___________________ was the first African American to win an Oscar, for her role as 'Mammy' in 1939's Gone with the Wind.
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As of the publication of your textbook, as discussed in Chapter 10, there had not been an interracial couple on television as lead stars of a program since what 1950s show?
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Study Notes
Media Literacy Concepts
- Media literacy involves understanding the commercial interests, social and political implications, and ideological messages present in media.
- A common misconception is that everyone interprets media messages the same way, which is incorrect.
Growth of Media Literacy
- Media literacy has rapidly expanded as a field over recent decades, reflecting the increasing importance of understanding media.
Importance of Context
- Context is crucial for identifying patterns and making connections across historical and cultural boundaries, aiding in meaning-making from information overload.
Normative Understanding
- The term "normative" refers to ideas of "ideal" standards, such as cultural definitions of masculinity.
Media Representation
- The "dream girl" archetype in media does not align with representations of figures like Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera.
Hegemony Theory
- Hegemony theory asserts that media owners exert control over ideologies and influence public perception.
Horatio-Alger Myth
- Related to the American Dream, the Horatio-Alger Myth promotes the idea that anyone can achieve success through hard work.
Definition of Culture
- Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, customs, and practices of specific groups or nations.
Understanding Media
- Media literacy enhances our ability to "read" and comprehend mass-distributed media effectively.
Attribution Theory
- Attribution theory explains how people frame negative behaviors of others, viewing them as aberrational rather than systemic.
Cultivation Theory
- Cultivation theory examines the impact of television viewing on individuals' perceptions of the world.
Mean World Syndrome
- Heavy television viewers often believe the world is more violent than it truly is, a phenomenon known as Mean World Syndrome.
Polysemic Texts
- Polysemic texts contain multiple meanings, not just a single identifiable interpretation.
Priming Effect
- Priming occurs when exposure to certain media frames influences how individuals evaluate and respond to related content.
Framing in Media
- Framing theory describes how media accentuate specific aspects of issues to promote particular interpretations.
Socialization Process
- Socialization is the process through which individuals adopt the behaviors and values of their group, influenced by agents such as family and media.
Critical Race Theory
- Critical Race Theory highlights the relevance of personal narratives and stresses that racism is an ingrained aspect of American society.
Gatekeepers in Media
- Media gatekeepers control the flow of information, determining which news and narratives reach the public.
Critical-Cultural Perspective
- This perspective critiques how media content perpetuates power structures, keeping the dominant class in control.
Whiteness as Privilege
- Whiteness provides material and symbolic privileges to those perceived to have certain skin tones, often associated with power and status.
Race as a Social Construct
- Race is a socially constructed concept influenced by cultural understandings of human differences.
Melting Pot Assimilation
- The Melting Pot model describes how immigrants shed their native identities in favor of adopting the customs of their new country.
Tri-Racial Hierarchy
- Doane and Bonilla-Silva's framework categorizes groups into a tri-racial hierarchy, impacting social dynamics and identity.
Media Stereotypes
- Walter Lippmann highlighted how media shapes societal perceptions through stereotypes, resulting in "pictures in our heads."
Prejudice Defined
- Prejudice is defined as negative attitudes towards a distinct group based primarily on group membership.
News Coverage and Stereotypes
- Local news often reinforces harmful stereotypes, particularly regarding African-American males.
Schemas and Mental Classification
- Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help individuals categorize and understand the world without excessive mental strain.
Visible Norm of Whiteness
- Whiteness has been critiqued as a hidden normative standard in media representations.
AHANA Acronym
- AHANA stands for African, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American, representing various ethnic groups in the U.S.
Freedom's Journal - First African American Newspaper
- Freedom's Journal was established in New York City in 1827, marking a significant milestone in African-American media history.
Social Responsibility Press Theory
- The Hutchins Commission's report led to the Social Responsibility Press Theory, emphasizing the media's obligation to serve society's needs.
Hutchins Commission Standards
- The standards of the Hutchins Commission focus on the media's role in societal reflection and representation.
Kerner Commission Findings
- The Kerner Commission concluded that the media inadequately covered urban racial violence and often exaggerated events.
Evolution of AHANA News Coverage
- Wilson and Gutierrez outlined stages of AHANA coverage, including issues of exclusion and confrontation.
Role of Social Media
- Social media plays a crucial role in mobilizing discussions around race, class, and gender issues, highlighting its modern relevance.
Misrepresentation of Asian-Related Groups
- David Shaw's study revealed that journalists often simplify diverse Asian groups into a monolithic narrative.
ASNE's Diversity Goals
- The American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) set ambitious diversity goals for newsrooms, aiming for 2025 to reflect national diversity.
Modern Racism Concept
- Modern racism, as defined by Entman, relates to hostility towards African-Americans and a denial of ongoing discrimination.
TV Show References
- "Father Knows Best" featured a father figure engaging in duck hunting with a neighbor, indicative of the show's era.
"The Jeffersons" and Aspiration Themes
- "The Jeffersons" promoted themes of the American Dream, portraying an aspirational lifestyle for its characters.
Reaganomics Impact
- Reaganomics in the 1980s notably shifted media narratives towards wealth and success-oriented content.
Normative Masculinity
- Normative masculinity is often characterized by roles of provider and protector, heavily represented in media.
Failed Father Figure Stereotype
- Characters like Peter Griffin and Homer Simpson exemplify the failed father figure trope prevalent in contemporary animation.
Latino Stereotypes in Cinema
- The "greaser" stereotype depicts Latinos as violent and lazy, reflecting longstanding media biases.
Evolution of Latino Representation
- By the late 1920s, Latino characters evolved into more complex portrayals, with the "Latin Lover" stereotype becoming prominent.
Model Minority Myth
- The Model Minority stereotype suggests that Asian Americans epitomize successful integration, shaping contemporary media representation.
Native American Representations
- Native Americans have historically been represented as either noble or bloodthirsty savages, reflecting colonial ideologies.
Indie Filmmaking Movements
- Increasing participation of Native American filmmakers aims to redefine and challenge traditional media stereotypes.
Hollywood Studio System and Sound Technology
- The transition to sound cinema disadvantaged many independent production companies, reducing diversity in early films.
Blaxploitation Genre
- Blaxploitation films of the 1970s opened roles for African American actors while often being produced by white filmmakers.
Miscegenation Fears in Cinema
- Films like "The Birth of a Nation" reflect historical fears about interracial relationships, a theme re-examined in contemporary media.
Early African American Stereotypes
- Early Hollywood film stereotypes included Tragic Mulatto, Uncle Tom, and Black Buck, shaping racial portrayals.
Hipster Racism in Media
- "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" illustrates "hipster racism," using self-aware humor to navigate potentially problematic content.
First Oscar-Winning African American Actress
- Hattie McDaniel was the first African American to win an Oscar for her role in "Gone with the Wind."
Lack of Interracial Representation on Television
- "I Love Lucy" remains notable as the last show featuring an interracial couple in prominent lead roles during the 1950s.
Bechdel Test for Gender Representation
- The Bechdel Test evaluates films based on the presence of female characters who converse about topics unrelated to men.
Women Writers in Travel Literature
- Lady Mary Wortley Montagu is recognized for her significant contributions to early travel literature.
Periodicals for Women Readers
- Godey's Lady's Book, edited by Sara Joseph Hale, became one of the first successful periodicals aimed at women.
Pioneer in Sportswriting
- Jane Dixon emerged as a notable female sportswriter, focusing on the male-dominated field of boxing coverage.
Victorian Values in Film
- Early Hollywood films frequently depicted women through Victorian values, emphasizing traditional roles of femininity.
"Sexy" Appeal of 1950s Films
- The 1950s marked a shift in cinema towards more suggestive portrayals of women to attract audiences.
Sophia Coppola's Oscar Win Misconception
- Sophia Coppola did not become the first woman to win an Oscar for Best Director in 2003; this information is incorrect.### Film and Media Archetypes
- Vamp: An archetype connected to the femme fatale, characterized by an exotic and seductive woman who entices men through her charm and allure.
- Portrayal of Women in 1960s America: Despite the feminist movement, Hollywood predominantly depicted women as sexual objects, with stronger female characters often confined to period pieces.
Theories and Concepts Related to Gender
- Sexual Objectification Theory: Explains how women self-evaluate based on their perceived value as sexual objects, linking this to negative mental health consequences due to constant exposure to sexualized imagery.
- Fragmentation in Advertising: Identified by Jean Kilbourne, refers to reducing women's bodies to dismembered parts (legs, lips) in an effort to sexualize.
- Feminist Film Critique: Laura Mulvey argued that women in films serve a dual role as erotic objects for both narrative characters and the viewing audience.
Psychological Effects of Media
- Body Shame: Stemming from self-surveillance, this concept illustrates how constant media feedback can create unhealthy self-image issues regarding physical appearance.
- Sousveillance: Created to describe scrutiny from below (by regular citizens) rather than from above, such as by government or corporations.
- Reappropriation: A cultural process where groups reclaim tools or language that have historically been used to subjugate them.
Surveillance and Control
- Panopticon: A prison design by philosopher Jeremy Bentham that enables constant monitoring of inmates, instilling a sense of surveillance.
Group Dynamics and Stereotypes
- Groupthink: Describes how collective behavior in groups may occur in response to perceived threats, fostering cohesive thinking that may overlook individual dissent.
- Conditions for Groupthink: Factors like domineering leadership and group isolation promote groupthink, while humble and democratic leadership is NOT a factor.
- Stereotypes in Advertising: Class stereotypes may be the most pervasive issue undermining advertising narratives, alongside common gender and racial biases.
Public Relations and Key Figures
- Doris E. Fleischman: Often recognized as one of the "mothers" of public relations, she co-founded an agency with Edward Bernays, known as the "father of public relations."
- Public Relations Tactics in Alcohol Marketing: Examples include contributions to nonprofit organizations and sponsoring community events, while launching diverse advertising campaigns is not noted as a tactic.
- Betsy Plank: Recognized as the "First Lady of Public Relations," she was the first female president of the Public Relations Society of America.
- Ivy Ledbetter Lee: Credited with coining the term "public relations" and developing early communication strategies, including the news release.
Strategic Communication in Media
- Shonda Rhimes: Creator of the television show "Scandal," she is noted for her effective use of strategic communication tactics to promote the series and enhance its public image.
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