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What is a fossil fuel?
What is a fossil fuel?
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed from the remains of ancient organisms. These remains are buried under sediment and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, transforming them into combustible substances. Examples of fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.
What are the three major types of fossil fuel formation?
What are the three major types of fossil fuel formation?
What is the major use of coal?
What is the major use of coal?
The major use of coal is for generating electric power. Coal is burned in power plants, and the heat produced is used to convert water into steam, which drives turbines that generate electricity.
Which of these statements are true about the carbon cycle? (Select all that apply)
Which of these statements are true about the carbon cycle? (Select all that apply)
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Petroleum is a naturally occurring, dark red liquid that is commonly refined into various types of fuel.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, dark red liquid that is commonly refined into various types of fuel.
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What is the difference between conventional natural gas and shale gas?
What is the difference between conventional natural gas and shale gas?
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Explain the process of coal formation.
Explain the process of coal formation.
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What are the two main sources of energy?
What are the two main sources of energy?
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What is the process called combustion, and how is it related to fossil fuels?
What is the process called combustion, and how is it related to fossil fuels?
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What are some examples of renewable resources?
What are some examples of renewable resources?
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Which of the following is NOT a renewable source of energy?
Which of the following is NOT a renewable source of energy?
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Explain how solar energy is harnessed.
Explain how solar energy is harnessed.
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How does a wind turbine generate electricity?
How does a wind turbine generate electricity?
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Describe the process of generating electricity from geothermal energy.
Describe the process of generating electricity from geothermal energy.
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How is hydropower generated?
How is hydropower generated?
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All electrical devices use energy that is only generated through renewable sources.
All electrical devices use energy that is only generated through renewable sources.
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Explain what geothermal gradient refers to.
Explain what geothermal gradient refers to.
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What two main techniques are used to capture geothermal energy?
What two main techniques are used to capture geothermal energy?
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Geothermal power plants are commonly located close to the Earth's surface.
Geothermal power plants are commonly located close to the Earth's surface.
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Match the following energy sources with their methods of generation:
Match the following energy sources with their methods of generation:
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How does a geothermal power plant operate?
How does a geothermal power plant operate?
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Geothermal heat pumps can only be used to provide heating for buildings, rather than cooling.
Geothermal heat pumps can only be used to provide heating for buildings, rather than cooling.
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What is the advantage of using a geothermal heat pump over traditional heating and cooling systems?
What is the advantage of using a geothermal heat pump over traditional heating and cooling systems?
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Gravity plays a significant role in how hydroelectric power is generated.
Gravity plays a significant role in how hydroelectric power is generated.
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What are the two primary purposes of the Magat Dam located in the Isabela Province of the Philippines?
What are the two primary purposes of the Magat Dam located in the Isabela Province of the Philippines?
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What is the chemical makeup of water?
What is the chemical makeup of water?
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What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
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Most of the Earth's water is freshwater, suitable for drinking and other uses.
Most of the Earth's water is freshwater, suitable for drinking and other uses.
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What is the Earth's water cycle?
What is the Earth's water cycle?
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What is organic pollution and what are some examples?
What is organic pollution and what are some examples?
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Explain the impact of pathogens and microbial contaminants on water quality.
Explain the impact of pathogens and microbial contaminants on water quality.
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What is nutrient pollution, and what are some of its sources?
What is nutrient pollution, and what are some of its sources?
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What is salinization, and how does it affect water resources?
What is salinization, and how does it affect water resources?
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What is acidification, and what are its effects on aquatic ecosystems?
What is acidification, and what are its effects on aquatic ecosystems?
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What are heavy metals and what are some of their sources?
What are heavy metals and what are some of their sources?
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Toxic organic compounds in water sources are primarily a result of natural processes.
Toxic organic compounds in water sources are primarily a result of natural processes.
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What is thermal pollution, and what are its main sources?
What is thermal pollution, and what are its main sources?
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What are the effects of silt and suspended particles in water bodies?
What are the effects of silt and suspended particles in water bodies?
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The term 'soil' refers to the solid portion of the Earth that is not covered by water.
The term 'soil' refers to the solid portion of the Earth that is not covered by water.
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What is waste, and what are the different types of waste categorized based on their physical state?
What is waste, and what are the different types of waste categorized based on their physical state?
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What is the role of source reduction and recycling in sustainable waste management?
What is the role of source reduction and recycling in sustainable waste management?
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Explain the terms "composting" and "landfilling" in the context of waste management.
Explain the terms "composting" and "landfilling" in the context of waste management.
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What are some strategies for reducing gaseous emissions from various sources?
What are some strategies for reducing gaseous emissions from various sources?
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Study Notes
Fossil Fuel Formation
- Coal is a solid fossil fuel, oil/petroleum is a liquid fossil fuel, and natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel.
- Coal forms from plant remains in swamps and marshes.
- Coal formation involves the carbon cycle, plants absorbing atmospheric carbon, and then being buried under sediment.
- Burial and heat convert dead plants into coal, releasing carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
- Petroleum forms from the remains of zooplankton and algae buried under sedimentary rock.
- Heat and pressure transform these remains into hydrocarbons.
- Oil drilling extracts petroleum from the rock, and refinement produces fuels.
- Natural gas formation is similar to oil, but typically found in different geological formations.
- Shale gas is trapped within shale formations, and tight gas is trapped in low permeability rock.
- Coal formation differs as extended burial periods lead to different coal types.
Oil Formation
- Layers settle in sea or lake beds, causing intense heat and pressure buildup.
- Organic matter changes into kerogen, found in oil shales.
- Kerogen turns into oil through pressure and temperature.
Natural Gas Formation
- Similar formation process to oil, but in different geological formations.
- Tight gas is trapped in low permeability rock.
- Shale gas is trapped within shale formations.
Coal Formation
- Coal forms in swampy wetlands where groundwater is near the surface.
- Energy in coal originates from sunlight trapped by plants.
- Extended burial periods result in different varieties of coal.
Energy Sources
- Energy is used for transportation, heating, and manufacturing.
- Two types of energy exist: renewable and nonrenewable.
- Nonrenewable energy sources include fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum).
- Fossil fuels are limited, and once depleted, they are gone forever.
- Combustion is the process used to produce energy from fossil fuels.
- Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower.
- Renewable resources are unlimited and produce less pollution.
Renewable Energy Sources
- Renewable energy sources can and are used over and over again.
- Examples include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass, and hydropower.
- These resources generate less pollution than nonrenewable sources.
Geothermal Energy
- Geothermal energy is Earth's internal heat.
- Geothermal power plants use this heat for steam production, powering turbines, and generating electricity.
- Geothermal heat pumps utilize heat near the Earth's surface for heating and cooling buildings.
Human Activities and Electricity
- Electricity is a form of energy that can be generated from various sources.
- Earth's resources are harnessed and converted into electricity for home and industry.
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