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Questions and Answers

What is a fossil fuel?

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed from the remains of ancient organisms. These remains are buried under sediment and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, transforming them into combustible substances. Examples of fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.

What are the three major types of fossil fuel formation?

Oil formation, Coal formation, Geothermal Energy
Oil formation, Coal Formation, Volcanic Eruption
Oil formation, Coal formation, Natural Gas Formation (correct)
Sedimentary Rock Formation, Oil formation, Natural Gas Formation

What is the major use of coal?

The major use of coal is for generating electric power. Coal is burned in power plants, and the heat produced is used to convert water into steam, which drives turbines that generate electricity.

Which of these statements are true about the carbon cycle? (Select all that apply)

When coal is burned, carbon returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This is part of the carbon cycle. (B), Dead plants are buried under sediment and are converted into coal. This is part of the carbon cycle. (E), During the carbon cycle, carbon is transferred from the atmosphere into plants. (F) Signup and view all the answers

Petroleum is a naturally occurring, dark red liquid that is commonly refined into various types of fuel.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between conventional natural gas and shale gas?

Conventional natural gas reserves form in the same way as traditional oil reserves, typically found in underground formations beneath the Earth's surface. Shale gas, on the other hand, is trapped within shale rock formations, and requires special extraction techniques due to the low permeability of the rock. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of coal formation.

Coal formation begins in swampy wetlands where groundwater is near or slightly above the topsoil. Over time, dead plant material accumulates and is buried under sediment, creating layers of peat. As the peat is buried deeper, it becomes compacted and subjected to heat and pressure, gradually transforming into coal. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main sources of energy?

The two main sources of energy are renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable sources can be replenished naturally, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower. Nonrenewable sources are limited resources that take a long time to form, such as fossil fuels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called combustion, and how is it related to fossil fuels?

Combustion is a chemical process that involves burning fuel in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light. Fossil fuels are burned in power plants, factories, and vehicles, utilizing the energy released through combustion to generate electricity, power machines, and fuel transportation. Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of renewable resources?

Examples of renewable resources include solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, and biomass energy. These sources are constantly replenished by natural processes, making them sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a renewable source of energy?

Nuclear Energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain how solar energy is harnessed.

Solar energy is harnessed through the use of solar panels, which convert sunlight into electricity. These panels contain photovoltaic cells made of silicon, which generate a direct current when exposed to sunlight. The direct current is then converted into alternating current, which can be used to power homes and businesses. Signup and view all the answers

How does a wind turbine generate electricity?

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity. The blades of a wind turbine are rotated by the wind, spinning a shaft connected to a generator. The generator creates an electrical current, which is then sent to the power grid or stored for later use. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of generating electricity from geothermal energy.

Geothermal power plants utilize the Earth's internal heat to generate electricity. Deep wells are drilled into the Earth's crust, where hot water or steam is extracted. The heat from this steam is used to drive turbines that spin generators, producing electricity. Signup and view all the answers

How is hydropower generated?

Hydropower is generated by harnessing the energy of moving water, typically through dams. Water stored behind a dam is released through turbines, which are connected to generators that produce electricity. The amount of electricity generated depends on the flow rate of the water and the height of the dam. Signup and view all the answers

All electrical devices use energy that is only generated through renewable sources.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain what geothermal gradient refers to.

Geothermal gradient refers to the rate at which the Earth's temperature increases with depth. The Earth's internal heat increases as you move towards the core, and this rate of change in temperature is called the geothermal gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What two main techniques are used to capture geothermal energy?

The two main techniques used to capture geothermal energy are geothermal power plants and geothermal heat pumps. Geothermal power plants generate electricity, while geothermal heat pumps provide heating or cooling for buildings. Signup and view all the answers

Geothermal power plants are commonly located close to the Earth's surface.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy sources with their methods of generation:

Solar Energy = Conversion of sunlight to electricity Wind Energy = Conversion of wind energy to electricity Geothermal Energy = Utilization of Earth's internal heat to generate steam Hydropower = Harnessing the potential energy of falling water Biomass Energy = Burning organic matter to produce energy Nuclear Energy = Splitting atoms to release energy Signup and view all the answers

How does a geothermal power plant operate?

Geothermal power plants are designed to extract deep heat from the Earth's core. First, wells are drilled into the Earth's crust, typically 1-2 miles deep, to access the hot water or steam. This hot water or steam is then used to drive turbines that are connected to generators, generating electricity. The process is efficient, but the location of these plants needs to be carefully chosen in areas with high geothermal activity. This means they are often located in close proximity to hotspots, geysers, or volcanically active regions. Signup and view all the answers

Geothermal heat pumps can only be used to provide heating for buildings, rather than cooling.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a geothermal heat pump over traditional heating and cooling systems?

Geothermal heat pumps provide a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional heating and cooling systems that rely on fossil fuels, such as natural gas or electricity. Geothermal heat pumps take advantage of the stable temperatures found deep underground, reducing the need for significant energy input. Signup and view all the answers

Gravity plays a significant role in how hydroelectric power is generated.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary purposes of the Magat Dam located in the Isabela Province of the Philippines?

The Magat Dam serves two primary purposes: irrigation of agricultural lands and the generation of hydroelectric power. It irrigates approximately 85,000 hectares of farmland in the Isabela region. The dam also generates electricity, supplying power to the entire province and contributing to the country's energy needs. The dam helps improve the local economy by providing water and power for various industries and communities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical makeup of water?

Water is a simple compound composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, represented by the chemical formula H2O. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?

71% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Most of the Earth's water is freshwater, suitable for drinking and other uses.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Earth's water cycle?

The Earth's water cycle is a continuous process that involves the movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and various bodies of water. It includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff, ensuring that water is constantly recycled and distributed throughout the planet. Signup and view all the answers

What is organic pollution and what are some examples?

Organic pollution occurs when an excess of organic matter, such as industrial wastewater or domestic sewage, enters bodies of water. This organic matter provides a food source for decomposers, which use up large amounts of oxygen during their decomposition processes. This depletion of oxygen levels can harm aquatic organisms and disrupt the balance of the ecosystem. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of pathogens and microbial contaminants on water quality.

Pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, exist in water sources and can cause various diseases, including diarrhea, gastrointestinal illnesses, and even death. These contaminants can be spread through contaminated drinking water, leading to health issues, particularly in developing countries. They can also impact various aquatic ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

What is nutrient pollution, and what are some of its sources?

Nutrient pollution is caused by the excessive presence of nitrogen and phosphorus in water sources. These nutrients can stimulate excessive growth of algae, leading to harmful algal blooms that can deplete oxygen levels in waterways and disrupt aquatic ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

What is salinization, and how does it affect water resources?

Salinization is the increase of salt concentration in water, soil, and groundwater resources. It can be caused by factors such as the intrusion of saltwater into freshwater sources, the seepage of brackish groundwater through the soil, or the addition of dissolved salts from various sources. Signup and view all the answers

What is acidification, and what are its effects on aquatic ecosystems?

Acidification is the process of increasing acidity in water bodies, often caused by the release of acidic substances, such as carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. Acidification can have significant negative impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems, affecting aquatic organisms, altering the chemical composition of the water, and making it challenging for certain species to survive. Signup and view all the answers

What are heavy metals and what are some of their sources?

Heavy metals are elements with a high density and are toxic to living organisms at low concentrations. They can be found in both natural and human-made sources. Examples of heavy metals include chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, and cadmium. Possible sources include mining, industrial processes, manufacturing, agricultural runoff, and the burning of fossil fuels. Signup and view all the answers

Toxic organic compounds in water sources are primarily a result of natural processes.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal pollution, and what are its main sources?

Thermal pollution refers to the discharge of heated water into bodies of water, causing a rise in temperature. This can disrupt aquatic ecosystems, leading to changes in plant and animal life. The main sources of thermal pollution include industrial facilities, such as power plants, factories, and refineries, as well as sewage outflow. Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of silt and suspended particles in water bodies?

Silt and suspended particles, such as sand, clay, or other materials carried by water, can have significant impacts on water bodies. Silt can accumulate on riverbeds and lake bottoms, altering water flow, reducing water depth, and creating challenges for navigation. Suspended particles can cloud the water, impacting aquatic life, reducing sunlight penetration, and potentially harming aquatic organisms. Signup and view all the answers

The term 'soil' refers to the solid portion of the Earth that is not covered by water.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is waste, and what are the different types of waste categorized based on their physical state?

Waste is a by-product of human activities that is no longer useful or has lost its original purpose. It can be categorized into the three primary states of: (1) Solid waste, (2) Liquid waste, and (3) Gaseous waste. Solid waste includes discarded items like plastics, metals, food scraps, and paper. Liquid waste includes industrial effluents, wastewater, and agricultural run-off, while gaseous waste includes emissions from combustion processes, industrial activities, and natural sources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of source reduction and recycling in sustainable waste management?

Source reduction aims to minimize waste generation by reducing consumption, reusing products, and using less-harmful alternatives. Recycling involves collecting, processing, and reusing materials to create new products, diverting them from landfills and reducing the need for raw materials. Both are crucial steps towards a more sustainable future, minimizing waste generation and promoting a circular economy focused on reuse and resource conservation. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the terms "composting" and "landfilling" in the context of waste management.

Composting is a biological process of decomposing organic materials, such as food scraps and yard waste, to create a nutrient-rich soil amendment. Landfilling is a method of burying waste in designated areas, often lined with protective layers to prevent contamination. Both methods play roles in waste management, with composting offering an environmentally friendly and resource-efficient option for organic waste, while landfilling provides a solution for managing non-compostable or non-recyclable waste. Signup and view all the answers

What are some strategies for reducing gaseous emissions from various sources?

Reducing gaseous emissions is crucial for mitigating air pollution and climate change. Some key strategies include: (1) Conserve Energy: Reduce energy consumption through efficient appliances and practices to minimize the need to generate electricity from fossil fuels. (2) Use catalytic converters: Install these devices in vehicles to reduce harmful emissions, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. (3) Engage in carpooling: Share rides to decrease the number of individual vehicles on the road, reducing emissions. (4) Avoid burning: Minimize the burning of waste and fuel, which can release toxic chemicals like dioxins and furans. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fossil Fuel Formation

A process that takes millions of years to create fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas from ancient organic matter.

Coal Formation

Coal forms from plant remains buried in swamps and marshes, subjected to heat and pressure over time.

Oil (Petroleum) Formation

Oil forms from marine organisms (like algae and plankton) buried deep underground, subjected to intense heat and pressure.

Natural Gas Formation

Natural gas forms similarly to oil, from buried organic matter, but under different conditions of pressure and temperature.