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Questions and Answers
What role does Rho protein play in transcription termination?
What role does Rho protein play in transcription termination?
Which statement correctly describes the polycistronic mRNA?
Which statement correctly describes the polycistronic mRNA?
During the lytic cycle of a virus, what is the outcome for the host cell?
During the lytic cycle of a virus, what is the outcome for the host cell?
What makes retroviruses distinct from other viruses?
What makes retroviruses distinct from other viruses?
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What happens to the host genome during the lysogenic cycle of viral infection?
What happens to the host genome during the lysogenic cycle of viral infection?
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What feature distinguishes pre-mRNA from mRNA?
What feature distinguishes pre-mRNA from mRNA?
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What role do telomeres play in a chromosome?
What role do telomeres play in a chromosome?
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Which of the following best describes the function of stop codons?
Which of the following best describes the function of stop codons?
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How do longer promoter regions affect gene expression?
How do longer promoter regions affect gene expression?
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What structural change occurs to RNA polymerase when it encounters a termination sequence?
What structural change occurs to RNA polymerase when it encounters a termination sequence?
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Which of the following sequences correctly describes the mRNA processing events?
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the mRNA processing events?
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What is the significance of spacer regions in genes?
What is the significance of spacer regions in genes?
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How does the mRNA strand described in the content begin and end?
How does the mRNA strand described in the content begin and end?
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What role does helicase play in DNA replication?
What role does helicase play in DNA replication?
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Which protein recognizes the origin of replication during DNA replication initiation?
Which protein recognizes the origin of replication during DNA replication initiation?
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Which protein is responsible for preventing super-coiling of DNA during replication?
Which protein is responsible for preventing super-coiling of DNA during replication?
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In which direction does DNA polymerase build the new DNA strand during replication?
In which direction does DNA polymerase build the new DNA strand during replication?
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What is the primary function of primase in DNA replication elongation?
What is the primary function of primase in DNA replication elongation?
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What triggers transcription termination for genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase I?
What triggers transcription termination for genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase I?
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Which statement best describes the role of RNA polymerase during transcription elongation?
Which statement best describes the role of RNA polymerase during transcription elongation?
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Which of the following proteins is NOT involved in the replication initiation process?
Which of the following proteins is NOT involved in the replication initiation process?
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Study Notes
Rho Protein in Transcription Termination
- Rho protein is a helicase that binds to the mRNA and moves towards the RNA polymerase.
- If Rho catches up to the polymerase, it disrupts the interaction between the polymerase and the DNA template, causing termination.
Polycistronic mRNA
- Polycistronic mRNA encodes multiple proteins.
- It is found in bacteria and other prokaryotes.
Outcome of Lytic Cycle
- The lytic cycle leads to the destruction of the host cell.
- New viral particles are released, which can infect other cells.
Retroviruses
- Retroviruses are unique because they have RNA as their genetic material.
- They use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA, which can then be integrated into the host's genome.
Lysogenic Cycle
- During the lysogenic cycle, the viral genome integrates into the host cell's genome.
- This integration allows the virus to remain dormant within the host cell.
Pre-mRNA vs mRNA
- Pre-mRNA is the initial transcript produced from a gene.
- It undergoes processing, including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation, to become mature mRNA.
Telomeres
- Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes.
- They prevent the degradation of chromosomal DNA during replication.
Stop Codons
- Stop codons are sequences in mRNA that signal the end of a protein-coding region.
- They don't code for an amino acid.
Longer Promoter Regions
- Longer promoter regions often increase gene expression levels.
- They provide more binding sites for transcription factors, enhancing the binding of RNA polymerase.
RNA Polymerase Structural Change
- When RNA polymerase encounters a termination sequence, it undergoes a conformational change.
- This change weakens the binding of the polymerase to the DNA template, leading to termination.
mRNA Processing Events
- The correct sequence of mRNA processing events is: capping, splicing, polyadenylation.
Spacer Regions in Genes
- Spacer regions are non-coding regions within genes.
- They can regulate gene expression by affecting the accessibility of the gene to transcription factors.
mRNA Strand
- The mRNA strand described in the content begins with a 5' cap and ends with a poly-A tail.
Helicase Role in Replication
- Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, separating the two strands.
- It allows access for other enzymes to replicate the DNA.
Protein Recognizing Origin of Replication
- The origin of replication is recognized by the protein complex called the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC).
Preventing Super-coiling
- Topoisomerase is responsible for preventing DNA supercoiling during replication.
Direction of DNA Polymerase
- DNA polymerase builds the new DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction.
Primase Function
- Primase synthesizes short RNA primers, which provide a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin elongation.
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination
- Transcription termination for genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase I is triggered by a specific termination factor.
RNA Polymerase Role in Transcription Elongation
- During transcription elongation, RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing RNA chain using the DNA template.
Protein Not Involved in Replication Initiation
- The protein not involved in the replication initiation process is DNA Polymerase itself.
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