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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the brain stem?

The brain stem connects the spinal cord to other parts of the brain.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the frontal lobe?

  • Reasoning
  • Emotional traits
  • Hearing (correct)
  • Problem solving
  • Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary functions:

    Dopamine = Reward, pleasure, motivation Serotonin = Mood regulation, sleep, appetite Acetylcholine = Muscle contraction, memory, learning Norepinephrine = Fight-or-flight response, alertness GABA = Calming effects, anxiety reduction Glutamate = Learning, memory, brain development

    The ______ system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response.

    <p>Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alpha motor neurons are responsible for voluntary muscle movement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the myelin sheath?

    <p>The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that insulates the axons of neurons, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic response of a postsynaptic cell?

    <p>The neuron fires an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System

    • Covering a wide range of drugs affecting the CNS and PNS
    • Includes various classifications of drugs, indications, actions, and examples

    The Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): The body's master control unit
      • Spinal cord connects brain to peripheral nervous system
      • Brain stem connects the spinal cord to other brain parts
      • Divided into hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Body's link to the outside world
      • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): involuntary processes
        • Adrenergic (sympathetic): Prepares body for action/stress (fight or flight)
        • Cholinergic (parasympathetic): Calms body to conserve energy (rest and digest)
      • Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Voluntary movements
        • Carries sensory information from sensory organs to CNS
        • Relays motor (movement) commands to muscles

    Brain

    • Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain
    • Cerebellum: Coordinates movement
    • Brain stem: Breathing, body temperature, digestion, alertness, and swallowing.
      • Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata.
        • Connects spinal cord with higher brain and other brain parts
    • Meninges: Membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord
    • Ventricles of the Brain (fluid filled spaces)
      • Choroid Plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      • CSF flows through ventricles and into the subarachnoid space
    • Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF):
      • Produced by Choroid Plexus inside the Brain ventricles.
    • Limbic System: Emotions and memories (Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus).
      • Amygdala: involved in aggression, fear & flight
      • Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst and body temperature regulation
      • Hippocampus: process memories

    Brain Stem

    • Thalamus
    • Pons
    • Midbrain
    • Medulla Oblongata
    • Cranial nerves

    Neuron Cell

    • Dendrites: Branch-like projections receiving information from other neurons
    • Cell body: Contains the nucleus, cytoplasm
    • Axon: Elongated part carrying information from a nerve to effector cells
    • Axon terminal: Site of transmission to effector cells
    • Schwann cell: Produces myelin
    • Myelin: Insulates axon, increasing transmission speed of an action potential
    • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath
    • Efferent fibers: EXIT CNS.
    • Afferent fibers: ENTRY into CNS.

    Neuron Cell Types

    • Bipolar: Interneuron
    • Unipolar: Sensory neuron
    • Multipolar: Motor neuron
    • Pyramidal cell

    Myelin Sheath Formation

    • Schwann cells form myelin sheath surrounding axons.

    Nerve Synapse

    • Synaptic cleft: Space between two neurons
    • Vesicles: Contain neurotransmitters
    • Sending/Receiving neuron: Transmit/receive neurotransmitters.

    Nervous System Drugs Classifications (CNS)

    • Neurological and neuromuscular agents
    • CNS depressants
    • Anticonvulsants
    • Drugs for neurological disorders
    • Drugs for neuromuscular disorders
    • Antipsychotic and anxiolytic
    • Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
    • Adrenergic and cholinergic drugs
    • Adrenergic and cholinergic blockers

    Nervous System Drugs Classifications (Peripheral Nervous System)

    Critical Thinking

    • 4 part process to analyze a given drug
    • Assess the condition & what part of nervous system is affected
    • Understanding how the drug works on the affected party
    • Know what the nurse must perform to ensure drug is used correctly

    Case Scenarios

    • Provide 15 case scenarios that relate to different neurological conditions.
      • Includes names of drugs that are indicated for each condition.

    CNS Drug Classifications

    • Anxiolytic and hypnotic agents
    • Antidepressant Agents
    • Psychotherapeutic agents
    • Antiepileptic agents
    • Antiparkinsonism agents
    • Muscle relaxants
    • Narcotics and anti-migraine drugs
    • General and local anesthetics
    • Neuromuscular blocking agents

    Anti-Parkinsonism

    • Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine to help balance the acetylcholine/dopamine imbalance
    • Dopaminergics: Increase dopamine at receptor sites, restoring the balance.

    Muscle Relaxants

    • Centrally acting, and Direct-acting
    • Interfere with calcium release in muscle fibers, therefore preventing muscle contraction.

    Narcotics

    • Narcotic Agonists
    • Narcotic agonist/antagonist
    • Narcotic antagonists
    • Act at opioid receptors in CNS.
    • Relief of pain, analgesia.

    Anti-Migraine Drugs

    • Ergot derivatives
    • Triptans
    • Agonists, and receptor binding to stop and prevent migraines

    Anesthetic Drugs

    • General: Depress RAS and cerebral cortex
    • Local: Interrupts nerve impulses. Prevents sodium entry

    Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

    • Non-depolarizing vs depolarizing agents

    Adrenergic Drugs

    • Beta vs Alpha Drugs, agonists vs blockers
    • Increase in heart rate & myocaridial contractility
    • Increased in blood pressure.
    • Causes changes in blood vessels
      • Causes changes to organs.
      • Uses: shock, bronchospasm, hypersensitivity

    Cholinergic Drugs

    • Direct vs indirect action of agonists vs blockers
    • Mimics the effects of ACh in the PNS
    • Causes: Slowed heart rate, decrease myocardial infarction

    Anti-Cholinergic Agents

    • Block acetylcholine receptors in the CNS
      • Causes: increase in heart rate, dilation of pupils, decreases secretions.

    What are the Nursing Interventions in Giving These Drugs?

    • 7 part process to use drugs correctly
      • Make a drug study
      • Assess before giving drug; indications, contraindications.
      • Properly prepare patient; cultural/age/environmental considerations.
      • Monitor side effects/adverse effects
      • Know when to refer to doctor.
      • Know how to handle side effects

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