Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of the brain stem?
What is the role of the brain stem?
The brain stem connects the spinal cord to other parts of the brain.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the frontal lobe?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the frontal lobe?
Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary functions:
Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary functions:
Dopamine = Reward, pleasure, motivation Serotonin = Mood regulation, sleep, appetite Acetylcholine = Muscle contraction, memory, learning Norepinephrine = Fight-or-flight response, alertness GABA = Calming effects, anxiety reduction Glutamate = Learning, memory, brain development
The ______ system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response.
The ______ system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response.
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Alpha motor neurons are responsible for voluntary muscle movement.
Alpha motor neurons are responsible for voluntary muscle movement.
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What is the function of the myelin sheath?
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic response of a postsynaptic cell?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic response of a postsynaptic cell?
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Study Notes
Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System
- Covering a wide range of drugs affecting the CNS and PNS
- Includes various classifications of drugs, indications, actions, and examples
The Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): The body's master control unit
- Spinal cord connects brain to peripheral nervous system
- Brain stem connects the spinal cord to other brain parts
- Divided into hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Body's link to the outside world
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): involuntary processes
- Adrenergic (sympathetic): Prepares body for action/stress (fight or flight)
- Cholinergic (parasympathetic): Calms body to conserve energy (rest and digest)
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Voluntary movements
- Carries sensory information from sensory organs to CNS
- Relays motor (movement) commands to muscles
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): involuntary processes
Brain
- Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement
- Brain stem: Breathing, body temperature, digestion, alertness, and swallowing.
- Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata.
- Connects spinal cord with higher brain and other brain parts
- Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata.
- Meninges: Membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord
- Ventricles of the Brain (fluid filled spaces)
- Choroid Plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- CSF flows through ventricles and into the subarachnoid space
- Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF):
- Produced by Choroid Plexus inside the Brain ventricles.
- Limbic System: Emotions and memories (Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus).
- Amygdala: involved in aggression, fear & flight
- Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst and body temperature regulation
- Hippocampus: process memories
Brain Stem
- Thalamus
- Pons
- Midbrain
- Medulla Oblongata
- Cranial nerves
Neuron Cell
- Dendrites: Branch-like projections receiving information from other neurons
- Cell body: Contains the nucleus, cytoplasm
- Axon: Elongated part carrying information from a nerve to effector cells
- Axon terminal: Site of transmission to effector cells
- Schwann cell: Produces myelin
- Myelin: Insulates axon, increasing transmission speed of an action potential
- Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath
- Efferent fibers: EXIT CNS.
- Afferent fibers: ENTRY into CNS.
Neuron Cell Types
- Bipolar: Interneuron
- Unipolar: Sensory neuron
- Multipolar: Motor neuron
- Pyramidal cell
Myelin Sheath Formation
- Schwann cells form myelin sheath surrounding axons.
Nerve Synapse
- Synaptic cleft: Space between two neurons
- Vesicles: Contain neurotransmitters
- Sending/Receiving neuron: Transmit/receive neurotransmitters.
Nervous System Drugs Classifications (CNS)
- Neurological and neuromuscular agents
- CNS depressants
- Anticonvulsants
- Drugs for neurological disorders
- Drugs for neuromuscular disorders
- Antipsychotic and anxiolytic
- Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
- Adrenergic and cholinergic drugs
- Adrenergic and cholinergic blockers
Nervous System Drugs Classifications (Peripheral Nervous System)
Critical Thinking
- 4 part process to analyze a given drug
- Assess the condition & what part of nervous system is affected
- Understanding how the drug works on the affected party
- Know what the nurse must perform to ensure drug is used correctly
Case Scenarios
- Provide 15 case scenarios that relate to different neurological conditions.
- Includes names of drugs that are indicated for each condition.
CNS Drug Classifications
- Anxiolytic and hypnotic agents
- Antidepressant Agents
- Psychotherapeutic agents
- Antiepileptic agents
- Antiparkinsonism agents
- Muscle relaxants
- Narcotics and anti-migraine drugs
- General and local anesthetics
- Neuromuscular blocking agents
Anti-Parkinsonism
- Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine to help balance the acetylcholine/dopamine imbalance
- Dopaminergics: Increase dopamine at receptor sites, restoring the balance.
Muscle Relaxants
- Centrally acting, and Direct-acting
- Interfere with calcium release in muscle fibers, therefore preventing muscle contraction.
Narcotics
- Narcotic Agonists
- Narcotic agonist/antagonist
- Narcotic antagonists
- Act at opioid receptors in CNS.
- Relief of pain, analgesia.
Anti-Migraine Drugs
- Ergot derivatives
- Triptans
- Agonists, and receptor binding to stop and prevent migraines
Anesthetic Drugs
- General: Depress RAS and cerebral cortex
- Local: Interrupts nerve impulses. Prevents sodium entry
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
- Non-depolarizing vs depolarizing agents
Adrenergic Drugs
- Beta vs Alpha Drugs, agonists vs blockers
- Increase in heart rate & myocaridial contractility
- Increased in blood pressure.
- Causes changes in blood vessels
- Causes changes to organs.
- Uses: shock, bronchospasm, hypersensitivity
Cholinergic Drugs
- Direct vs indirect action of agonists vs blockers
- Mimics the effects of ACh in the PNS
- Causes: Slowed heart rate, decrease myocardial infarction
Anti-Cholinergic Agents
- Block acetylcholine receptors in the CNS
- Causes: increase in heart rate, dilation of pupils, decreases secretions.
What are the Nursing Interventions in Giving These Drugs?
- 7 part process to use drugs correctly
- Make a drug study
- Assess before giving drug; indications, contraindications.
- Properly prepare patient; cultural/age/environmental considerations.
- Monitor side effects/adverse effects
- Know when to refer to doctor.
- Know how to handle side effects
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