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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the brain stem?

The brain stem connects the spinal cord to other parts of the brain.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the frontal lobe?

  • Reasoning
  • Emotional traits
  • Hearing (correct)
  • Problem solving

Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary functions:

Dopamine = Reward, pleasure, motivation Serotonin = Mood regulation, sleep, appetite Acetylcholine = Muscle contraction, memory, learning Norepinephrine = Fight-or-flight response, alertness GABA = Calming effects, anxiety reduction Glutamate = Learning, memory, brain development

The ______ system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response.

<p>Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alpha motor neurons are responsible for voluntary muscle movement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

<p>The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that insulates the axons of neurons, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic response of a postsynaptic cell?

<p>The neuron fires an action potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Olfactory Nerve Function

Sensory nerve responsible for smell.

Optic Nerve Function

Sensory nerve responsible for vision.

Oculomotor Nerve Function

Motor nerve controlling pupil movement (up/down).

Trochlear Nerve Function

Motor nerve controlling some eye movements (superior/oblique).

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Trigeminal Nerve Function

Sensory and motor nerve for facial sensation and chewing muscles.

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Abducens Nerve Function

Motor nerve controlling eye movements (left/right).

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Facial Nerve Function

Sensory and motor nerve for facial expressions and taste.

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Vestibulocochlear Nerve Function

Sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance.

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Glossopharyngeal Nerve Function

Sensory and motor nerve for swallowing.

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Vagus Nerve Function

Sensory and motor nerve regulating vital organ functions.

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Accessory Nerve Function

Motor nerve controlling neck muscle movement.

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Hypoglossal Nerve Function

Motor nerve controlling tongue movement.

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Neuron Cell Body (Soma)

Contains the nucleus and other cellular components.

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Dendrites

Branching extensions increasing surface area for receiving signals.

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Axon

Long extension carrying signals away from the cell body.

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Effector Cells

Cells (muscles, glands, or other nerves) that respond to signals.

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Efferent Fibers

Carry impulses away from the CNS.

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Afferent Fibers

Carry impulses to the CNS.

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Synapse

Junction between two nerve cells.

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Neurotransmitter Inactivation

Methods to stop neurotransmitter action.

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Study Notes

Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System

  • Covering a wide range of drugs affecting the CNS and PNS
  • Includes various classifications of drugs, indications, actions, and examples

The Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): The body's master control unit
    • Spinal cord connects brain to peripheral nervous system
    • Brain stem connects the spinal cord to other brain parts
    • Divided into hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Body's link to the outside world
    • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): involuntary processes
      • Adrenergic (sympathetic): Prepares body for action/stress (fight or flight)
      • Cholinergic (parasympathetic): Calms body to conserve energy (rest and digest)
    • Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Voluntary movements
      • Carries sensory information from sensory organs to CNS
      • Relays motor (movement) commands to muscles

Brain

  • Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain
  • Cerebellum: Coordinates movement
  • Brain stem: Breathing, body temperature, digestion, alertness, and swallowing.
    • Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata.
      • Connects spinal cord with higher brain and other brain parts
  • Meninges: Membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord
  • Ventricles of the Brain (fluid filled spaces)
    • Choroid Plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    • CSF flows through ventricles and into the subarachnoid space
  • Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF):
    • Produced by Choroid Plexus inside the Brain ventricles.
  • Limbic System: Emotions and memories (Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus).
    • Amygdala: involved in aggression, fear & flight
    • Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst and body temperature regulation
    • Hippocampus: process memories

Brain Stem

  • Thalamus
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Cranial nerves

Neuron Cell

  • Dendrites: Branch-like projections receiving information from other neurons
  • Cell body: Contains the nucleus, cytoplasm
  • Axon: Elongated part carrying information from a nerve to effector cells
  • Axon terminal: Site of transmission to effector cells
  • Schwann cell: Produces myelin
  • Myelin: Insulates axon, increasing transmission speed of an action potential
  • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath
  • Efferent fibers: EXIT CNS.
  • Afferent fibers: ENTRY into CNS.

Neuron Cell Types

  • Bipolar: Interneuron
  • Unipolar: Sensory neuron
  • Multipolar: Motor neuron
  • Pyramidal cell

Myelin Sheath Formation

  • Schwann cells form myelin sheath surrounding axons.

Nerve Synapse

  • Synaptic cleft: Space between two neurons
  • Vesicles: Contain neurotransmitters
  • Sending/Receiving neuron: Transmit/receive neurotransmitters.

Nervous System Drugs Classifications (CNS)

  • Neurological and neuromuscular agents
  • CNS depressants
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Drugs for neurological disorders
  • Drugs for neuromuscular disorders
  • Antipsychotic and anxiolytic
  • Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
  • Adrenergic and cholinergic drugs
  • Adrenergic and cholinergic blockers

Nervous System Drugs Classifications (Peripheral Nervous System)

Critical Thinking

  • 4 part process to analyze a given drug
  • Assess the condition & what part of nervous system is affected
  • Understanding how the drug works on the affected party
  • Know what the nurse must perform to ensure drug is used correctly

Case Scenarios

  • Provide 15 case scenarios that relate to different neurological conditions.
    • Includes names of drugs that are indicated for each condition.

CNS Drug Classifications

  • Anxiolytic and hypnotic agents
  • Antidepressant Agents
  • Psychotherapeutic agents
  • Antiepileptic agents
  • Antiparkinsonism agents
  • Muscle relaxants
  • Narcotics and anti-migraine drugs
  • General and local anesthetics
  • Neuromuscular blocking agents

Anti-Parkinsonism

  • Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine to help balance the acetylcholine/dopamine imbalance
  • Dopaminergics: Increase dopamine at receptor sites, restoring the balance.

Muscle Relaxants

  • Centrally acting, and Direct-acting
  • Interfere with calcium release in muscle fibers, therefore preventing muscle contraction.

Narcotics

  • Narcotic Agonists
  • Narcotic agonist/antagonist
  • Narcotic antagonists
  • Act at opioid receptors in CNS.
  • Relief of pain, analgesia.

Anti-Migraine Drugs

  • Ergot derivatives
  • Triptans
  • Agonists, and receptor binding to stop and prevent migraines

Anesthetic Drugs

  • General: Depress RAS and cerebral cortex
  • Local: Interrupts nerve impulses. Prevents sodium entry

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

  • Non-depolarizing vs depolarizing agents

Adrenergic Drugs

  • Beta vs Alpha Drugs, agonists vs blockers
  • Increase in heart rate & myocaridial contractility
  • Increased in blood pressure.
  • Causes changes in blood vessels
    • Causes changes to organs.
    • Uses: shock, bronchospasm, hypersensitivity

Cholinergic Drugs

  • Direct vs indirect action of agonists vs blockers
  • Mimics the effects of ACh in the PNS
  • Causes: Slowed heart rate, decrease myocardial infarction

Anti-Cholinergic Agents

  • Block acetylcholine receptors in the CNS
    • Causes: increase in heart rate, dilation of pupils, decreases secretions.

What are the Nursing Interventions in Giving These Drugs?

  • 7 part process to use drugs correctly
    • Make a drug study
    • Assess before giving drug; indications, contraindications.
    • Properly prepare patient; cultural/age/environmental considerations.
    • Monitor side effects/adverse effects
    • Know when to refer to doctor.
    • Know how to handle side effects

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