Untitled Quiz

The creation of large molecules (macromolecules) from smaller molecules, requiring energy.

Proteins are involved in creating hormones and enabling bodily movement.

Simple sugar molecules, the building blocks of carbohydrates.

Proteins are found in plant seeds, egg whites, and milk.

A type of molecule including DNA and RNA, essential for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.

A polysaccharide found in plants, used for energy storage.

In DNA, amounts of adenine and thymine are equal, and amounts of cytosine and guanine are equal.

A polysaccharide forming plant cell walls; indigestible to most animals.

Double helix formed by two polynucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds.

Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) in DNA and uracil (U) in RNA.

Enzyme that breaks down cellulose.

Group of diverse hydrophobic molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

A component of DNA and RNA, crucial for structure and function.

Major type of lipid; composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Single-stranded molecule with ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose, and uracil replaces thymine.

The process of converting a DNA sequence to a complementary RNA sequence.

The building blocks of proteins, with a central carbon bonded to hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R-group.

Chemical bonds joining amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.

A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome (chromosome 21).

Proteins with folded, ball-like shapes; often involved in functions like transport and catalysis.

A type of mutation where part of a chromosome is lost.

Proteins with elongated shapes; often involved in structural support.

The non-dividing phase of the cell cycle, including G1, S, and G2 phases.

The first growth phase of interphase, where the cell grows in size and synthesizes proteins.

DNA replication phase of interphase, where the cell duplicates its DNA.

The second growth phase of interphase, where the cell synthesizes proteins needed for mitosis.

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A type of cell division that produces four non-identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).

A cell containing one set of chromosomes.

The movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy and carrier proteins.

Large molecules built from smaller subunits through dehydration synthesis.

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose) in plants

First stage of photosynthesis, converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

Second stage of photosynthesis, uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose

A process in C3 plants where light energy is captured but CO2 fixation is low, resulting in no net gain

The process of breaking down food (glucose) to release energy (ATP)

The first stage of cellular respiration, splitting glucose into pyruvate

Second stage of cellular respiration, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2

Final stage of cellular respiration, generates ATP by using electron carriers to create a proton gradient

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 represents the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight energy

A series of proteins in a membrane that transfer electrons from one to another, releasing energy to pump hydrogen ions.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the raw materials used in the process of photosynthesis.

An enzyme that uses the hydrogen ion gradient to make ATP from ADP.

A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that reenergizes low-energy electrons, reducing NADP+ to NADPH.

The products of photosynthesis are glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen (O2).

Measurement of how chlorophyll absorbs light at different wavelengths; crucial for photosynthesis.

A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light energy to excite electrons, transferring them through the ETC.

The first stage of photosynthesis, using light energy to produce ATP and NADPH to fuel the Calvin cycle.

Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, specialized organelles in plant cells.

The second stage of photosynthesis, using ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 into sugars.

The first stage of photosynthesis; requires light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, used in the Calvin Cycle.

The second stage of photosynthesis; uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide.

The process in the Calvin cycle where CO2 is attached to RuBP, forming a 6-carbon molecule.

Uses energy from NADPH and ATP to convert the 3-carbon molecule to a sugar (G3P).

An arrangement of proteins and pigments in the thylakoid membrane that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

Recycling process in Calvin cycle to regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) to continue the cycle.

In a photosystem, the chlorophyll a molecules that transfer excited electrons to the electron transport system.

The internal membrane system inside the chloroplast, where light-dependent reactions take place.

A photosystem in the thylakoid membrane involved in photosynthesis, with chlorophyll P700 as its reaction center.

The fluid-filled space around the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast, where the Calvin cycle occurs.

A photosystem in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light energy and initiates the electron transport chain in photosynthesis, with chlorophyll P680 as its reaction center.

An electron carrier in the electron transport chain of photosynthesis, transferring electrons between PSII and Cytochrome b6f complex.

An electron carrier molecule used in photosynthesis to transfer high-energy electrons from the photosystems to the Calvin cycle.

A crucial energy-carrying molecule in cells, used as fuel for numerous cellular processes such as the Calvin cycle.

The splitting of water molecules during photosynthesis; releasing electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen.