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Questions and Answers
What is Republicanism?
What is Republicanism?
What did the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom establish?
What did the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom establish?
Outlawed established church and called for separation of Church and State.
What is the idea of Republican Motherhood?
What is the idea of Republican Motherhood?
Women have a responsibility to cultivate civic virtue in their children.
What did the Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance establish?
What did the Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance establish?
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What caused Shay's Rebellion?
What caused Shay's Rebellion?
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What was the purpose of the Philadelphia Convention in 1787?
What was the purpose of the Philadelphia Convention in 1787?
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Who is considered the 'Father of the Constitution'?
Who is considered the 'Father of the Constitution'?
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What was the Virginia Plan?
What was the Virginia Plan?
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What was the New Jersey Plan?
What was the New Jersey Plan?
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What was the Great Compromise?
What was the Great Compromise?
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What did the 3/5 Compromise determine?
What did the 3/5 Compromise determine?
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What thesis did Charles Beard propose regarding the Constitution?
What thesis did Charles Beard propose regarding the Constitution?
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What led to the debate over the ratification of the Constitution?
What led to the debate over the ratification of the Constitution?
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What are the Federalist Papers?
What are the Federalist Papers?
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What does the Bill of Rights refer to?
What does the Bill of Rights refer to?
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What precedent did Washington set during his presidency?
What precedent did Washington set during his presidency?
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What was Hamilton's financial program?
What was Hamilton's financial program?
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Why was Washington D.C. established as the capital?
Why was Washington D.C. established as the capital?
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What was the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793?
What was the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793?
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What did Jay's Treaty accomplish?
What did Jay's Treaty accomplish?
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What did Pinckney's Treaty establish?
What did Pinckney's Treaty establish?
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What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
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What defines the First Party System?
What defines the First Party System?
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What warning did Washington give in his Farewell Address?
What warning did Washington give in his Farewell Address?
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What did John Adams' presidency prevent?
What did John Adams' presidency prevent?
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What was the XYZ Affair?
What was the XYZ Affair?
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What is the Quasi-War?
What is the Quasi-War?
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What was the Great Columbian/Biological Exchange?
What was the Great Columbian/Biological Exchange?
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Who was Christopher Columbus?
Who was Christopher Columbus?
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Who was Bartolomeo de las Casas?
Who was Bartolomeo de las Casas?
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What characterized the Spanish empire?
What characterized the Spanish empire?
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Where did the French Empire predominantly control?
Where did the French Empire predominantly control?
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What was the significance of Jamestown?
What was the significance of Jamestown?
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What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?
What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?
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What are the Chesapeake colonies?
What are the Chesapeake colonies?
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What was essential to the survival of the Virginia colony?
What was essential to the survival of the Virginia colony?
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What significant event happened in 1619?
What significant event happened in 1619?
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What was Bacon's Rebellion?
What was Bacon's Rebellion?
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Why was Maryland colony founded?
Why was Maryland colony founded?
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What did the Toleration Act guarantee?
What did the Toleration Act guarantee?
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What were the New England colonies?
What were the New England colonies?
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Who was John Winthrop?
Who was John Winthrop?
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What did Winthrop mean by 'City upon a hill'?
What did Winthrop mean by 'City upon a hill'?
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Who was Anne Hutchinson?
Who was Anne Hutchinson?
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What was King Philip's War?
What was King Philip's War?
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What were the Salem Witch Trials?
What were the Salem Witch Trials?
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What is significant about Rhode Island Colony?
What is significant about Rhode Island Colony?
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Define disestablishment.
Define disestablishment.
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What were the Fundamental Orders?
What were the Fundamental Orders?
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What was New Amsterdam?
What was New Amsterdam?
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What were the Restoration colonies?
What were the Restoration colonies?
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When was Pennsylvania colony founded?
When was Pennsylvania colony founded?
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Who founded Georgia colony?
Who founded Georgia colony?
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What is mercantilism?
What is mercantilism?
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Describe the Triangular Trade.
Describe the Triangular Trade.
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What were the Navigation Acts?
What were the Navigation Acts?
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Salutary neglect allowed colonies to self-govern freely.
Salutary neglect allowed colonies to self-govern freely.
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What was the Dominion of New England?
What was the Dominion of New England?
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What was the Glorious Revolution in America?
What was the Glorious Revolution in America?
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What was Puritanism?
What was Puritanism?
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What was the Enlightenment?
What was the Enlightenment?
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Who was John Locke?
Who was John Locke?
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What were Benjamin Franklin's contributions?
What were Benjamin Franklin's contributions?
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What was the First Great Awakening?
What was the First Great Awakening?
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Who were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield?
Who were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield?
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What characterized 18th-century immigration?
What characterized 18th-century immigration?
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How many Africans were brought to the Americas for slavery?
How many Africans were brought to the Americas for slavery?
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What was the Stono Rebellion?
What was the Stono Rebellion?
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What was the Zenger case?
What was the Zenger case?
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What was the French and Indian/Seven Years' War?
What was the French and Indian/Seven Years' War?
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What was the Albany Plan of Union?
What was the Albany Plan of Union?
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What were Benjamin Franklin's notable achievements?
What were Benjamin Franklin's notable achievements?
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What was Pontiac's Rebellion?
What was Pontiac's Rebellion?
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What was the Proclamation of 1763?
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
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What was the Stamp Act?
What was the Stamp Act?
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What was the role of the Sons of Liberty?
What was the role of the Sons of Liberty?
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Who were the Daughters of Liberty?
Who were the Daughters of Liberty?
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What did the Declaratory Act state?
What did the Declaratory Act state?
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What were the Townshend Acts?
What were the Townshend Acts?
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What was the Boston Massacre?
What was the Boston Massacre?
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Describe the Boston Tea Party.
Describe the Boston Tea Party.
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What were the Coercive/Intolerable Acts?
What were the Coercive/Intolerable Acts?
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What is the significance of the American Revolution?
What is the significance of the American Revolution?
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What was the Continental Congress?
What was the Continental Congress?
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What was Common Sense?
What was Common Sense?
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What did the Declaration of Independence proclaim?
What did the Declaration of Independence proclaim?
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Who was General George Washington?
Who was General George Washington?
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What was the Battle of Saratoga?
What was the Battle of Saratoga?
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What was the French Alliance?
What was the French Alliance?
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Who were the Loyalists?
Who were the Loyalists?
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What were the Articles of Confederation?
What were the Articles of Confederation?
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What was the Newburgh Conspiracy?
What was the Newburgh Conspiracy?
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What was the Peace of Paris (1783)?
What was the Peace of Paris (1783)?
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Study Notes
Great Columbian / Biological Exchange
- Exchange of crops, animals, and diseases between the New World and Europe initiated by Columbus' 1492 voyage.
Christopher Columbus
- Italian explorer whose 1492 expedition from Spain resulted in European awareness of the Americas.
Bartolomeo de las Casas
- 16th-century Dominican Friar and historian; advocated for Indigenous rights and opposed colonization abuses.
Spanish Empire
- Dominated areas in Mexico, South America, and Florida; focused on religious mission systems and defense against other colonial powers.
French Empire
- Controlled Canadian territories and Mississippi River Valley; fostered positive relations with Indigenous peoples through fur trade and Jesuit missions.
English/British Empire
- Established numerous colonies; Queen Elizabeth I was instrumental during the colonial expansion; engaged in rivalry with the French.
Jamestown
- The first permanent English settlement in Virginia, established by the London Company in 1607.
Mayflower Compact
- 1620 agreement by Pilgrims to create a self-governing community based on majority rule and allegiance to the king.
Chesapeake Colonies
- Refers specifically to Maryland and Virginia, characterized by tobacco cultivation.
Virginia Colony
- Established in 1607; saw the first permanent settlement at Jamestown; tobacco was crucial for economic success.
1619
- Significant year marking the formation of the first U.S. representative assembly, the House of Burgesses.
Bacon's Rebellion
- 1676 uprising in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley’s policies; highlighted frontier tensions and discontent among colonists.
Maryland Colony
- Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for persecuted Catholics; enacted the Toleration Act for Christians.
Toleration Act
- 1649 law in Maryland ensuring religious toleration for Trinitarian Christians while imposing penalties on non-believers.
New England Colonies
- Comprises Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, known for Puritan establishments.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Founded in 1630 by Puritans under John Winthrop; envisioned as a "City upon a hill" with a theocratic government.
John Winthrop
- Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; articulated the vision of a religiously-centered ideal community.
"City upon a hill"
- Concept by Winthrop emphasizing the Puritans’ aim to be a model society reflecting their covenant with God.
Anne Hutchinson
- A Puritan woman who challenged gender roles and clerical authority; ultimately exiled for her beliefs and revelations.
King Philip's War
- 1675 conflict between English settlers and Wampanoag tribes, marking the deadliest clash during colonial expansion.
Salem Witch Trials
- 1629 witchcraft accusations leading to mass hysteria and executions, fueled by fear and societal stress.
Rhode Island Colony
- Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams promoting religious freedom and democratic governance; a haven for dissenters.
Disestablishment
- The separation of church and state; ensured no official state religion and opposed state-supported churches.
Connecticut Colony
- Established in 1636 by Thomas Hooker; known for democratic governance and foundational orders.
Fundamental Orders
- Considered the first written constitution in North America, allowing broader voting rights beyond church members.
New Amsterdam
- Dutch colonial settlement which became New York City; served as a major trading hub.
Restoration Colonies
- Colonies established under land grants from King Charles II, including Pennsylvania and Carolina.
New York Colony
- Originally founded by the Dutch, it became diverse and economically prosperous by 1624.
Pennsylvania Colony
- Founded by William Penn as a Quaker haven promoting religious tolerance and friendly Native American relations.
James Oglethorpe
- Founder of Georgia colony in 1732; aimed to provide rehabilitation for debtors and act as a buffer against Spanish Florida.
Mercantilism
- Economic theory emphasizing the accumulation of wealth through trade regulations aimed at benefiting the mother country.
Triangular Trade
- Systemic trading routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, raw materials, and finished goods.
Navigation Acts
- 1660 laws aimed at regulating colonial trade to favor British economic interests, causing colonial resentment.
"Salutary/benign neglect"
- A term for the period of lax enforcement of trade regulations that allowed colonial self-governance.
Dominion of New England
- 1686 consolidation of New England colonies under a royal governor; ended with colonial resistance in 1692.
Glorious Revolution (in America)
- Restoration of colonial legislatures and change in governance following the overthrow of the Dominion of New England.
Puritanism
- Religious movement for establishing a purified church, leading to settlement in the New World for broader religious freedoms.
Enlightenment
- Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, and influencing revolutionary thought in America.
John Locke
- Philosopher promoting the social contract theory; emphasized natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Benjamin Franklin
- Influential Founding Father known for his contributions in science, diplomacy, and advocacy for education and abolition.
First Great Awakening
- Religious revival movement in the 1730s and 1740s focused on personal salvation and challenge to established authority.
George Whitefield
- Key figure in the First Great Awakening; known for his persuasive preaching and emphasis on conversion.
18th Century Immigration
- Rise in non-English settlers from various European backgrounds as the colonies expanded westward.
American Slavery
- More than 10 million Africans forcibly transported to the Americas; established a lasting, oppressive economic system.
Stono Rebellion
- Major slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739 resulting in stricter slave laws and suppression.
Zenger Case
- Landmark court ruling affirming the right to publish true statements about public officials without libel penalties.
French and Indian War/Seven Years' War
- Major conflict over North American territorial control that began in 1754; culminated in British dominance in 1763.
Albany Plan of Union
- Benjamin Franklin’s proposal (1754) to unify the colonies for defense and trade; rejected by colonial assemblies.
Pontiac's Rebellion
- Post-war conflict (1763) led by Chief Pontiac as Indigenous tribes resisted colonial encroachment into their lands.
Proclamation of 1763
- British decree restricting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to mitigate conflicts with Indigenous peoples.
Stamp Act
- 1765 law imposing taxes on printed materials, igniting colonial opposition and protests.
Sons of Liberty
- Radical group formed to resist British taxation and policies through protests and boycotts.
Daughters of Liberty
- Women's organization supporting boycotts of British goods and promoting American-made products.
Declaratory Act
- 1766 act asserting Parliament’s authority to legislate for the colonies after repealing the Stamp Act.
Townshend Acts
- 1767 taxes imposed on common products imported to the colonies, leading to widespread protests.
Boston Massacre
- 1770 incident where British troops killed five colonists during a confrontation, escalating anti-British sentiment.
Boston Tea Party
- 1773 protest against tea taxes, where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
- 1774 punitive laws responding to the Boston Tea Party, limiting Massachusetts' self-governance and harshly enforcing British authority.
American Revolution (1775-1783)
- Conflict led by 13 colonies seeking independence from British rule, concluding with the Treaty of Paris.
Continental Congress
- Assembly of colonial delegates managing war efforts and governance throughout the American Revolution.
Common Sense
- Pamphlet by Thomas Paine (1776) advocating independence from Britain and critiquing monarchical rule.
Declaration of Independence
- 1776 document asserting American colonies' desire for independence from Great Britain, drafted by the Second Continental Congress.
General George Washington
- Commander of the Continental Army; successfully led American forces during the Revolution and later became the first President.
Battle of Saratoga
- 1777 turning point in the Revolutionary War; boosted American morale and secured French support against Britain.
French Alliance
- Formal support from France beginning in 1778, crucial for American victory in the Revolutionary War.
Loyalists
- Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War, opposing independence efforts.
Articles of Confederation
- The first U.S. constitution adopted in 1781; limited federal power, creating issues with taxation and governance.
Newburgh Conspiracy
- 1783 plan by Continental Army officers to threaten Congress over unpaid wages; defused by Washington's intervention.
Peace of Paris (1783)
- Treaty recognizing U.S. independence, settling territorial claims post-Revolution, and requiring restitution of Loyalist properties.
Republicanism
- Political ideology emphasizing government by the people, holding representatives accountable to citizens' welfare.
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
- 1779 law authored by Thomas Jefferson promoting church-state separation and religious liberty.
Republican Motherhood
- Concept emphasizing women's role in nurturing civic values in their children, contributing to the Republic’s ideals.
Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance
- Legislative frameworks for surveying and settling western territories, facilitating statehood and governance of new lands.
Shays' Rebellion
- 1786 uprising against economic injustices, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and prompting calls for reform.
Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention
- 1787 meeting intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but led### Key Figures and Plans
- James Madison: Fourth president, known as the "Father of the Constitution," authored the Bill of Rights, and led the nation during the War of 1812.
- Virginia Plan: Proposed by Madison, suggested representation in Congress based on state population, favoring larger states.
- New Jersey Plan: Proposed by William Paterson, aimed for equal representation in Congress for each state, favoring smaller states.
Constitutional Compromises
- Great Compromise: Established a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
- 3/5 Compromise: Counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation, shaping political power dynamics.
Historical Perspectives
- Charles Beard's Thesis: Historians view the Constitution as crafted to protect constitutional framers' economic interests, though this perspective is less accepted today.
Ratification Process
- Debate on Ratification: Centralists (Federalists) promoted stronger federal authority; opponents (Anti-Federalists) sought a Bill of Rights. Key figures like Washington and Franklin supported ratification.
- Federalist Papers: A series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay that defended the Constitution and alleviated fears of federal overreach.
Fundamental Protections
- Bill of Rights: First ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing specific freedoms and rights to American citizens.
Early Presidency and Policies
- Washington's Presidency (1789-1797): Established essential presidential precedents, served two terms, appointed a cabinet, and advocated for isolationist policies.
- Hamilton's Financial Program: Included debt funding at par, assumption of state debts, and establishment of a national bank, laying the groundwork for American financial systems.
- Establishment of Washington D.C.: Compromise to locate the capital on federal land; land acquired from Maryland and Virginia along the Potomac River.
International Relations
- Neutrality Proclamation (1793): Washington declared U.S. neutrality in the conflict between France and Britain, emphasizing avoidance of entangling alliances.
- Jay's Treaty: An agreement that settled disputes between the U.S. and Britain, addressing ship seizures and withdrawal from the Ohio Valley.
- Pinckney's Treaty: Agreement with Spain that defined borders, allowed navigation of the Mississippi River, and facilitated U.S. access to New Orleans.
Domestic Challenges
- Whiskey Rebellion: Resistance against a liquor tax tested federal authority; Washington's response reinforced governmental power and unity.
- First Party System: Marked the rivalry between Federalists, advocating for strong central government, and Democratic-Republicans, favoring states' rights and agrarian interests; ended with the Era of Good Feelings.
Final Messages and Political Landscape
- Washington's Farewell Address: Warning against political factions and foreign alliances; emphasized national unity and the tradition of two-term presidencies.
- John Adams' Presidency (1797-1801): As the second president, he faced challenges like the Alien and Sedition Acts and tensions from the XYZ Affair, which strained Federalist popularity.
- XYZ Affair: Incident leading to an undeclared naval war between the U.S. and France due to demands for bribes from French agents.
- Quasi-War: Naval conflict between the U.S. and France from 1798 to 1800 without an official declaration of war, highlighting escalating tensions.
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