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Questions and Answers

What is Republicanism?

  • An ideology that all power comes from the people (correct)
  • A philosophy promoting dictatorship
  • A system of government where only the elite rule
  • A political movement that supports monarchy
  • What did the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom establish?

    Outlawed established church and called for separation of Church and State.

    What is the idea of Republican Motherhood?

    Women have a responsibility to cultivate civic virtue in their children.

    What did the Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance establish?

    <p>A systematic survey of land and a framework for setting up state governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused Shay's Rebellion?

    <p>Farmers were protesting courts foreclosing on farms due to unpaid taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Philadelphia Convention in 1787?

    <p>To revise the Articles of Confederation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of the Constitution'?

    <p>James Madison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Virginia Plan?

    <p>A proposal for representatives based on population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the New Jersey Plan?

    <p>A proposal for equal representation regardless of state size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Great Compromise?

    <p>Compromise for bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and population-based representation in the House.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 3/5 Compromise determine?

    <p>Slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person for representation purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What thesis did Charles Beard propose regarding the Constitution?

    <p>The Constitution was designed to protect the economic self-interest of its framers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the debate over the ratification of the Constitution?

    <p>Opponents feared central power and demanded a Bill of Rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Federalist Papers?

    <p>A series of essays defending the Constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bill of Rights refer to?

    <p>The first ten amendments to the Constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precedent did Washington set during his presidency?

    <p>He established the two-term limit for presidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Hamilton's financial program?

    <p>A plan involving the funding of national debt at par value and the establishment of a national bank.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Washington D.C. established as the capital?

    <p>To resolve disputes over its location and ensure it was built on federal land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793?

    <p>A statement that the U.S. would not support either France or Britain in their conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Jay's Treaty accomplish?

    <p>It settled disputes with Britain over ship seizures and withdrew troops from the Ohio Valley.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pinckney's Treaty establish?

    <p>It opened the Mississippi River to navigation and changed Florida's border.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

    <p>A protest against a liquor tax that tested the U.S. government’s strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the First Party System?

    <p>Competition between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans for power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What warning did Washington give in his Farewell Address?

    <p>Against permanent foreign alliances and political parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Adams' presidency prevent?

    <p>An all-out war with France after the XYZ Affair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the XYZ Affair?

    <p>Incident where French agents demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Quasi-War?

    <p>Naval conflicts between the U.S. and France without a formal declaration of war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Great Columbian/Biological Exchange?

    <p>Exchange of plants and animals between the New World and Europe following 1492</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Christopher Columbus?

    <p>An Italian explorer who sailed from Spain in 1492 and reached the Americas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Bartolomeo de las Casas?

    <p>A 16th Century Spanish historian and Dominican friar known as the 'Protector of the Indians'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the Spanish empire?

    <p>Control in Mexico, South America, and Florida, with a focus on religious missions and economic interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the French Empire predominantly control?

    <p>In Canada, Ohio, and the Mississippi River Valley.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Jamestown?

    <p>It was the first permanent English settlement located in Virginia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?

    <p>An agreement by the Pilgrims to obey community laws and profess allegiance to the king.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Chesapeake colonies?

    <p>Maryland and Virginia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was essential to the survival of the Virginia colony?

    <p>Tobacco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event happened in 1619?

    <p>The establishment of the first U.S. representative assembly, the House of Burgesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Bacon's Rebellion?

    <p>A colonial uprising in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Maryland colony founded?

    <p>As a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Toleration Act guarantee?

    <p>Religious toleration to trinitarian Christians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the New England colonies?

    <p>The colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was John Winthrop?

    <p>The Puritan governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Winthrop mean by 'City upon a hill'?

    <p>A metaphor for a model society that Puritan colonists aimed to create.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Anne Hutchinson?

    <p>A woman who challenged Puritan religious authorities in Massachusetts Bay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was King Philip's War?

    <p>The longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in the 17th century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Salem Witch Trials?

    <p>An outbreak of witchcraft accusations in Puritan Massachusetts in 1629.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about Rhode Island Colony?

    <p>It was a self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams with religious freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define disestablishment.

    <p>The separation of church and state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Fundamental Orders?

    <p>The first constitution written in North America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was New Amsterdam?

    <p>Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Restoration colonies?

    <p>Colonies created from land grants by King Charles II, including Pennsylvania and Carolina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was Pennsylvania colony founded?

    <p>In 1682 by William Penn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded Georgia colony?

    <p>James Oglethorpe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mercantilism?

    <p>An economic philosophy promoting wealth through acquisition of gold and trade balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the Triangular Trade.

    <p>A trading system between Europe, Africa, and the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Navigation Acts?

    <p>Acts passed to increase colonial dependence on Britain for trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salutary neglect allowed colonies to self-govern freely.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Dominion of New England?

    <p>A combined province of several British colonies headed by a royal governor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Glorious Revolution in America?

    <p>The elimination of the Dominion of England in 1689.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Puritanism?

    <p>A religious movement seeking to establish a 'purer' church in the New World.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Enlightenment?

    <p>An 18th-century philosophy emphasizing reason and human improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was John Locke?

    <p>An English philosopher known for the idea of a 'social contract'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were Benjamin Franklin's contributions?

    <p>He spread Enlightenment ideals, advocated for religious toleration, and signed crucial founding documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the First Great Awakening?

    <p>A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s urging atonement for sins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield?

    <p>Preachers during the First Great Awakening who emphasized personal salvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized 18th-century immigration?

    <p>An increase in non-English immigrants and a westward movement of the poor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Africans were brought to the Americas for slavery?

    <p>More than 10 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Stono Rebellion?

    <p>An uprising of slaves in South Carolina in 1739.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Zenger case?

    <p>A legal case establishing that true statements about public officials cannot be prosecuted as libel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the French and Indian/Seven Years' War?

    <p>A war between French and English over control of the Ohio River Valley.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Albany Plan of Union?

    <p>A proposal by Benjamin Franklin to unite the 13 colonies for mutual benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were Benjamin Franklin's notable achievements?

    <p>Advocated for education, religious toleration, and was a public anti-slavery figure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Pontiac's Rebellion?

    <p>A conflict in 1763 where Indian tribes resisted colonists encroaching on their land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Proclamation of 1763?

    <p>A British proclamation prohibiting settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Stamp Act?

    <p>An act raising revenue through requiring a stamp on newspapers and legal documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the Sons of Liberty?

    <p>A radical organization formed to protest British acts through various means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the Daughters of Liberty?

    <p>An organization supporting the boycott of British goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Declaratory Act state?

    <p>Parliament had authority over the colonies and the right to tax and legislate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Townshend Acts?

    <p>Taxes placed on lead, glass, paint, and tea by the British Parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Boston Massacre?

    <p>The first bloodshed of the American Revolution in 1770.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the Boston Tea Party.

    <p>A 1773 protest where citizens dumped tea into Boston Harbor in response to taxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Coercive/Intolerable Acts?

    <p>Acts passed in retaliation to the Boston Tea Party that restricted Massachusetts' self-governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the American Revolution?

    <p>It was the period when the 13 colonies gained independence from England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Continental Congress?

    <p>The legislative assembly formed by delegates from the rebel colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Common Sense?

    <p>A pamphlet by Thomas Paine arguing for independence from Britain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Declaration of Independence proclaim?

    <p>The assertion of independence from Great Britain by the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was General George Washington?

    <p>The Commander in Chief of the Continental Army and the first U.S. President.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Battle of Saratoga?

    <p>A turning point in the American Revolution that secured French support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the French Alliance?

    <p>The alliance formed when France entered the war to assist American independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the Loyalists?

    <p>American colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the war for independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the Articles of Confederation?

    <p>The first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Newburgh Conspiracy?

    <p>A plan by Continental Army officers to address Congress about their pay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Peace of Paris (1783)?

    <p>The treaty recognizing U.S. independence and determining territorial boundaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Great Columbian / Biological Exchange

    • Exchange of crops, animals, and diseases between the New World and Europe initiated by Columbus' 1492 voyage.

    Christopher Columbus

    • Italian explorer whose 1492 expedition from Spain resulted in European awareness of the Americas.

    Bartolomeo de las Casas

    • 16th-century Dominican Friar and historian; advocated for Indigenous rights and opposed colonization abuses.

    Spanish Empire

    • Dominated areas in Mexico, South America, and Florida; focused on religious mission systems and defense against other colonial powers.

    French Empire

    • Controlled Canadian territories and Mississippi River Valley; fostered positive relations with Indigenous peoples through fur trade and Jesuit missions.

    English/British Empire

    • Established numerous colonies; Queen Elizabeth I was instrumental during the colonial expansion; engaged in rivalry with the French.

    Jamestown

    • The first permanent English settlement in Virginia, established by the London Company in 1607.

    Mayflower Compact

    • 1620 agreement by Pilgrims to create a self-governing community based on majority rule and allegiance to the king.

    Chesapeake Colonies

    • Refers specifically to Maryland and Virginia, characterized by tobacco cultivation.

    Virginia Colony

    • Established in 1607; saw the first permanent settlement at Jamestown; tobacco was crucial for economic success.

    1619

    • Significant year marking the formation of the first U.S. representative assembly, the House of Burgesses.

    Bacon's Rebellion

    • 1676 uprising in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley’s policies; highlighted frontier tensions and discontent among colonists.

    Maryland Colony

    • Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for persecuted Catholics; enacted the Toleration Act for Christians.

    Toleration Act

    • 1649 law in Maryland ensuring religious toleration for Trinitarian Christians while imposing penalties on non-believers.

    New England Colonies

    • Comprises Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, known for Puritan establishments.

    Massachusetts Bay Colony

    • Founded in 1630 by Puritans under John Winthrop; envisioned as a "City upon a hill" with a theocratic government.

    John Winthrop

    • Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; articulated the vision of a religiously-centered ideal community.

    "City upon a hill"

    • Concept by Winthrop emphasizing the Puritans’ aim to be a model society reflecting their covenant with God.

    Anne Hutchinson

    • A Puritan woman who challenged gender roles and clerical authority; ultimately exiled for her beliefs and revelations.

    King Philip's War

    • 1675 conflict between English settlers and Wampanoag tribes, marking the deadliest clash during colonial expansion.

    Salem Witch Trials

    • 1629 witchcraft accusations leading to mass hysteria and executions, fueled by fear and societal stress.

    Rhode Island Colony

    • Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams promoting religious freedom and democratic governance; a haven for dissenters.

    Disestablishment

    • The separation of church and state; ensured no official state religion and opposed state-supported churches.

    Connecticut Colony

    • Established in 1636 by Thomas Hooker; known for democratic governance and foundational orders.

    Fundamental Orders

    • Considered the first written constitution in North America, allowing broader voting rights beyond church members.

    New Amsterdam

    • Dutch colonial settlement which became New York City; served as a major trading hub.

    Restoration Colonies

    • Colonies established under land grants from King Charles II, including Pennsylvania and Carolina.

    New York Colony

    • Originally founded by the Dutch, it became diverse and economically prosperous by 1624.

    Pennsylvania Colony

    • Founded by William Penn as a Quaker haven promoting religious tolerance and friendly Native American relations.

    James Oglethorpe

    • Founder of Georgia colony in 1732; aimed to provide rehabilitation for debtors and act as a buffer against Spanish Florida.

    Mercantilism

    • Economic theory emphasizing the accumulation of wealth through trade regulations aimed at benefiting the mother country.

    Triangular Trade

    • Systemic trading routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, raw materials, and finished goods.
    • 1660 laws aimed at regulating colonial trade to favor British economic interests, causing colonial resentment.

    "Salutary/benign neglect"

    • A term for the period of lax enforcement of trade regulations that allowed colonial self-governance.

    Dominion of New England

    • 1686 consolidation of New England colonies under a royal governor; ended with colonial resistance in 1692.

    Glorious Revolution (in America)

    • Restoration of colonial legislatures and change in governance following the overthrow of the Dominion of New England.

    Puritanism

    • Religious movement for establishing a purified church, leading to settlement in the New World for broader religious freedoms.

    Enlightenment

    • Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, and influencing revolutionary thought in America.

    John Locke

    • Philosopher promoting the social contract theory; emphasized natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

    Benjamin Franklin

    • Influential Founding Father known for his contributions in science, diplomacy, and advocacy for education and abolition.

    First Great Awakening

    • Religious revival movement in the 1730s and 1740s focused on personal salvation and challenge to established authority.

    George Whitefield

    • Key figure in the First Great Awakening; known for his persuasive preaching and emphasis on conversion.

    18th Century Immigration

    • Rise in non-English settlers from various European backgrounds as the colonies expanded westward.

    American Slavery

    • More than 10 million Africans forcibly transported to the Americas; established a lasting, oppressive economic system.

    Stono Rebellion

    • Major slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739 resulting in stricter slave laws and suppression.

    Zenger Case

    • Landmark court ruling affirming the right to publish true statements about public officials without libel penalties.

    French and Indian War/Seven Years' War

    • Major conflict over North American territorial control that began in 1754; culminated in British dominance in 1763.

    Albany Plan of Union

    • Benjamin Franklin’s proposal (1754) to unify the colonies for defense and trade; rejected by colonial assemblies.

    Pontiac's Rebellion

    • Post-war conflict (1763) led by Chief Pontiac as Indigenous tribes resisted colonial encroachment into their lands.

    Proclamation of 1763

    • British decree restricting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to mitigate conflicts with Indigenous peoples.

    Stamp Act

    • 1765 law imposing taxes on printed materials, igniting colonial opposition and protests.

    Sons of Liberty

    • Radical group formed to resist British taxation and policies through protests and boycotts.

    Daughters of Liberty

    • Women's organization supporting boycotts of British goods and promoting American-made products.

    Declaratory Act

    • 1766 act asserting Parliament’s authority to legislate for the colonies after repealing the Stamp Act.

    Townshend Acts

    • 1767 taxes imposed on common products imported to the colonies, leading to widespread protests.

    Boston Massacre

    • 1770 incident where British troops killed five colonists during a confrontation, escalating anti-British sentiment.

    Boston Tea Party

    • 1773 protest against tea taxes, where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.

    Coercive/Intolerable Acts

    • 1774 punitive laws responding to the Boston Tea Party, limiting Massachusetts' self-governance and harshly enforcing British authority.

    American Revolution (1775-1783)

    • Conflict led by 13 colonies seeking independence from British rule, concluding with the Treaty of Paris.

    Continental Congress

    • Assembly of colonial delegates managing war efforts and governance throughout the American Revolution.

    Common Sense

    • Pamphlet by Thomas Paine (1776) advocating independence from Britain and critiquing monarchical rule.

    Declaration of Independence

    • 1776 document asserting American colonies' desire for independence from Great Britain, drafted by the Second Continental Congress.

    General George Washington

    • Commander of the Continental Army; successfully led American forces during the Revolution and later became the first President.

    Battle of Saratoga

    • 1777 turning point in the Revolutionary War; boosted American morale and secured French support against Britain.

    French Alliance

    • Formal support from France beginning in 1778, crucial for American victory in the Revolutionary War.

    Loyalists

    • Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War, opposing independence efforts.

    Articles of Confederation

    • The first U.S. constitution adopted in 1781; limited federal power, creating issues with taxation and governance.

    Newburgh Conspiracy

    • 1783 plan by Continental Army officers to threaten Congress over unpaid wages; defused by Washington's intervention.

    Peace of Paris (1783)

    • Treaty recognizing U.S. independence, settling territorial claims post-Revolution, and requiring restitution of Loyalist properties.

    Republicanism

    • Political ideology emphasizing government by the people, holding representatives accountable to citizens' welfare.

    Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

    • 1779 law authored by Thomas Jefferson promoting church-state separation and religious liberty.

    Republican Motherhood

    • Concept emphasizing women's role in nurturing civic values in their children, contributing to the Republic’s ideals.

    Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance

    • Legislative frameworks for surveying and settling western territories, facilitating statehood and governance of new lands.

    Shays' Rebellion

    • 1786 uprising against economic injustices, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and prompting calls for reform.

    Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention

    • 1787 meeting intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but led### Key Figures and Plans
    • James Madison: Fourth president, known as the "Father of the Constitution," authored the Bill of Rights, and led the nation during the War of 1812.
    • Virginia Plan: Proposed by Madison, suggested representation in Congress based on state population, favoring larger states.
    • New Jersey Plan: Proposed by William Paterson, aimed for equal representation in Congress for each state, favoring smaller states.

    Constitutional Compromises

    • Great Compromise: Established a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
    • 3/5 Compromise: Counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation, shaping political power dynamics.

    Historical Perspectives

    • Charles Beard's Thesis: Historians view the Constitution as crafted to protect constitutional framers' economic interests, though this perspective is less accepted today.

    Ratification Process

    • Debate on Ratification: Centralists (Federalists) promoted stronger federal authority; opponents (Anti-Federalists) sought a Bill of Rights. Key figures like Washington and Franklin supported ratification.
    • Federalist Papers: A series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay that defended the Constitution and alleviated fears of federal overreach.

    Fundamental Protections

    • Bill of Rights: First ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing specific freedoms and rights to American citizens.

    Early Presidency and Policies

    • Washington's Presidency (1789-1797): Established essential presidential precedents, served two terms, appointed a cabinet, and advocated for isolationist policies.
    • Hamilton's Financial Program: Included debt funding at par, assumption of state debts, and establishment of a national bank, laying the groundwork for American financial systems.
    • Establishment of Washington D.C.: Compromise to locate the capital on federal land; land acquired from Maryland and Virginia along the Potomac River.

    International Relations

    • Neutrality Proclamation (1793): Washington declared U.S. neutrality in the conflict between France and Britain, emphasizing avoidance of entangling alliances.
    • Jay's Treaty: An agreement that settled disputes between the U.S. and Britain, addressing ship seizures and withdrawal from the Ohio Valley.
    • Pinckney's Treaty: Agreement with Spain that defined borders, allowed navigation of the Mississippi River, and facilitated U.S. access to New Orleans.

    Domestic Challenges

    • Whiskey Rebellion: Resistance against a liquor tax tested federal authority; Washington's response reinforced governmental power and unity.
    • First Party System: Marked the rivalry between Federalists, advocating for strong central government, and Democratic-Republicans, favoring states' rights and agrarian interests; ended with the Era of Good Feelings.

    Final Messages and Political Landscape

    • Washington's Farewell Address: Warning against political factions and foreign alliances; emphasized national unity and the tradition of two-term presidencies.
    • John Adams' Presidency (1797-1801): As the second president, he faced challenges like the Alien and Sedition Acts and tensions from the XYZ Affair, which strained Federalist popularity.
    • XYZ Affair: Incident leading to an undeclared naval war between the U.S. and France due to demands for bribes from French agents.
    • Quasi-War: Naval conflict between the U.S. and France from 1798 to 1800 without an official declaration of war, highlighting escalating tensions.

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