Untitled Quiz

Great Columbian / Biological Exchange

• Exchange of crops, animals, and diseases between the New World and Europe initiated by Columbus' 1492 voyage.

Christopher Columbus

• Italian explorer whose 1492 expedition from Spain resulted in European awareness of the Americas.

Bartolomeo de las Casas

• 16th-century Dominican Friar and historian; advocated for Indigenous rights and opposed colonization abuses.

Spanish Empire

• Dominated areas in Mexico, South America, and Florida; focused on religious mission systems and defense against other colonial powers.

French Empire

• Controlled Canadian territories and Mississippi River Valley; fostered positive relations with Indigenous peoples through fur trade and Jesuit missions.

English/British Empire

• Established numerous colonies; Queen Elizabeth I was instrumental during the colonial expansion; engaged in rivalry with the French.

Jamestown

• The first permanent English settlement in Virginia, established by the London Company in 1607.

Mayflower Compact

• 1620 agreement by Pilgrims to create a self-governing community based on majority rule and allegiance to the king.

Chesapeake Colonies

• Refers specifically to Maryland and Virginia, characterized by tobacco cultivation.

Virginia Colony

• Established in 1607; saw the first permanent settlement at Jamestown; tobacco was crucial for economic success.

1619

• Significant year marking the formation of the first U.S. representative assembly, the House of Burgesses.

Bacon's Rebellion

• 1676 uprising in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley’s policies; highlighted frontier tensions and discontent among colonists.

Maryland Colony

• Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for persecuted Catholics; enacted the Toleration Act for Christians.

Toleration Act

• 1649 law in Maryland ensuring religious toleration for Trinitarian Christians while imposing penalties on non-believers.

New England Colonies

• Comprises Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, known for Puritan establishments.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Founded in 1630 by Puritans under John Winthrop; envisioned as a "City upon a hill" with a theocratic government.

John Winthrop

• Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; articulated the vision of a religiously-centered ideal community.

"City upon a hill"

• Concept by Winthrop emphasizing the Puritans’ aim to be a model society reflecting their covenant with God.

Anne Hutchinson

• A Puritan woman who challenged gender roles and clerical authority; ultimately exiled for her beliefs and revelations.

King Philip's War

• 1675 conflict between English settlers and Wampanoag tribes, marking the deadliest clash during colonial expansion.

Salem Witch Trials

• 1629 witchcraft accusations leading to mass hysteria and executions, fueled by fear and societal stress.

Rhode Island Colony

• Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams promoting religious freedom and democratic governance; a haven for dissenters.

Disestablishment

• The separation of church and state; ensured no official state religion and opposed state-supported churches.

Connecticut Colony

• Established in 1636 by Thomas Hooker; known for democratic governance and foundational orders.

Fundamental Orders

• Considered the first written constitution in North America, allowing broader voting rights beyond church members.

New Amsterdam

• Dutch colonial settlement which became New York City; served as a major trading hub.

Restoration Colonies

• Colonies established under land grants from King Charles II, including Pennsylvania and Carolina.

New York Colony

• Originally founded by the Dutch, it became diverse and economically prosperous by 1624.

Pennsylvania Colony

• Founded by William Penn as a Quaker haven promoting religious tolerance and friendly Native American relations.

James Oglethorpe

• Founder of Georgia colony in 1732; aimed to provide rehabilitation for debtors and act as a buffer against Spanish Florida.

Mercantilism

• Economic theory emphasizing the accumulation of wealth through trade regulations aimed at benefiting the mother country.

Triangular Trade

• Systemic trading routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, raw materials, and finished goods.

Navigation Acts

• 1660 laws aimed at regulating colonial trade to favor British economic interests, causing colonial resentment.

"Salutary/benign neglect"

• A term for the period of lax enforcement of trade regulations that allowed colonial self-governance.

Dominion of New England

• 1686 consolidation of New England colonies under a royal governor; ended with colonial resistance in 1692.

Glorious Revolution (in America)

• Restoration of colonial legislatures and change in governance following the overthrow of the Dominion of New England.

Puritanism

• Religious movement for establishing a purified church, leading to settlement in the New World for broader religious freedoms.

Enlightenment

• Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, and influencing revolutionary thought in America.

John Locke

• Philosopher promoting the social contract theory; emphasized natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Benjamin Franklin

• Influential Founding Father known for his contributions in science, diplomacy, and advocacy for education and abolition.

First Great Awakening

• Religious revival movement in the 1730s and 1740s focused on personal salvation and challenge to established authority.

George Whitefield

• Key figure in the First Great Awakening; known for his persuasive preaching and emphasis on conversion.

18th Century Immigration

• Rise in non-English settlers from various European backgrounds as the colonies expanded westward.

American Slavery

• More than 10 million Africans forcibly transported to the Americas; established a lasting, oppressive economic system.

Stono Rebellion

• Major slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739 resulting in stricter slave laws and suppression.

Zenger Case

• Landmark court ruling affirming the right to publish true statements about public officials without libel penalties.

French and Indian War/Seven Years' War

• Major conflict over North American territorial control that began in 1754; culminated in British dominance in 1763.

Albany Plan of Union

• Benjamin Franklin’s proposal (1754) to unify the colonies for defense and trade; rejected by colonial assemblies.

Pontiac's Rebellion

• Post-war conflict (1763) led by Chief Pontiac as Indigenous tribes resisted colonial encroachment into their lands.

Proclamation of 1763

• British decree restricting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to mitigate conflicts with Indigenous peoples.

Stamp Act

• 1765 law imposing taxes on printed materials, igniting colonial opposition and protests.

Sons of Liberty

• Radical group formed to resist British taxation and policies through protests and boycotts.

Daughters of Liberty

• Women's organization supporting boycotts of British goods and promoting American-made products.

Declaratory Act

• 1766 act asserting Parliament’s authority to legislate for the colonies after repealing the Stamp Act.

Townshend Acts

• 1767 taxes imposed on common products imported to the colonies, leading to widespread protests.

Boston Massacre

• 1770 incident where British troops killed five colonists during a confrontation, escalating anti-British sentiment.

Boston Tea Party

• 1773 protest against tea taxes, where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

• 1774 punitive laws responding to the Boston Tea Party, limiting Massachusetts' self-governance and harshly enforcing British authority.

American Revolution (1775-1783)

• Conflict led by 13 colonies seeking independence from British rule, concluding with the Treaty of Paris.

Continental Congress

• Assembly of colonial delegates managing war efforts and governance throughout the American Revolution.

Common Sense

• Pamphlet by Thomas Paine (1776) advocating independence from Britain and critiquing monarchical rule.

Declaration of Independence

• 1776 document asserting American colonies' desire for independence from Great Britain, drafted by the Second Continental Congress.

General George Washington

• Commander of the Continental Army; successfully led American forces during the Revolution and later became the first President.

Battle of Saratoga

• 1777 turning point in the Revolutionary War; boosted American morale and secured French support against Britain.

French Alliance

• Formal support from France beginning in 1778, crucial for American victory in the Revolutionary War.

Loyalists

• Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War, opposing independence efforts.

Articles of Confederation

• The first U.S. constitution adopted in 1781; limited federal power, creating issues with taxation and governance.

Newburgh Conspiracy

• 1783 plan by Continental Army officers to threaten Congress over unpaid wages; defused by Washington's intervention.

Peace of Paris (1783)

• Treaty recognizing U.S. independence, settling territorial claims post-Revolution, and requiring restitution of Loyalist properties.

Republicanism

• Political ideology emphasizing government by the people, holding representatives accountable to citizens' welfare.

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

• 1779 law authored by Thomas Jefferson promoting church-state separation and religious liberty.

Republican Motherhood

• Concept emphasizing women's role in nurturing civic values in their children, contributing to the Republic’s ideals.

Land Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance

• Legislative frameworks for surveying and settling western territories, facilitating statehood and governance of new lands.

Shays' Rebellion

• 1786 uprising against economic injustices, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and prompting calls for reform.

Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention

• 1787 meeting intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but led### Key Figures and Plans
• James Madison: Fourth president, known as the "Father of the Constitution," authored the Bill of Rights, and led the nation during the War of 1812.
• Virginia Plan: Proposed by Madison, suggested representation in Congress based on state population, favoring larger states.
• New Jersey Plan: Proposed by William Paterson, aimed for equal representation in Congress for each state, favoring smaller states.

Constitutional Compromises

• Great Compromise: Established a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
• 3/5 Compromise: Counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation, shaping political power dynamics.

Historical Perspectives

• Charles Beard's Thesis: Historians view the Constitution as crafted to protect constitutional framers' economic interests, though this perspective is less accepted today.

Ratification Process

• Debate on Ratification: Centralists (Federalists) promoted stronger federal authority; opponents (Anti-Federalists) sought a Bill of Rights. Key figures like Washington and Franklin supported ratification.
• Federalist Papers: A series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay that defended the Constitution and alleviated fears of federal overreach.

Fundamental Protections

• Bill of Rights: First ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing specific freedoms and rights to American citizens.

Early Presidency and Policies

• Washington's Presidency (1789-1797): Established essential presidential precedents, served two terms, appointed a cabinet, and advocated for isolationist policies.
• Hamilton's Financial Program: Included debt funding at par, assumption of state debts, and establishment of a national bank, laying the groundwork for American financial systems.
• Establishment of Washington D.C.: Compromise to locate the capital on federal land; land acquired from Maryland and Virginia along the Potomac River.

International Relations

• Neutrality Proclamation (1793): Washington declared U.S. neutrality in the conflict between France and Britain, emphasizing avoidance of entangling alliances.
• Jay's Treaty: An agreement that settled disputes between the U.S. and Britain, addressing ship seizures and withdrawal from the Ohio Valley.
• Pinckney's Treaty: Agreement with Spain that defined borders, allowed navigation of the Mississippi River, and facilitated U.S. access to New Orleans.

Domestic Challenges

• Whiskey Rebellion: Resistance against a liquor tax tested federal authority; Washington's response reinforced governmental power and unity.
• First Party System: Marked the rivalry between Federalists, advocating for strong central government, and Democratic-Republicans, favoring states' rights and agrarian interests; ended with the Era of Good Feelings.

Final Messages and Political Landscape

• Washington's Farewell Address: Warning against political factions and foreign alliances; emphasized national unity and the tradition of two-term presidencies.
• John Adams' Presidency (1797-1801): As the second president, he faced challenges like the Alien and Sedition Acts and tensions from the XYZ Affair, which strained Federalist popularity.
• XYZ Affair: Incident leading to an undeclared naval war between the U.S. and France due to demands for bribes from French agents.
• Quasi-War: Naval conflict between the U.S. and France from 1798 to 1800 without an official declaration of war, highlighting escalating tensions.