VPAR 131: Plasmodium spp Life Cycle

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process by which sporozoites are introduced into a host?

Gametogony

Sporogony

Syngamy

Inoculation (correct)

Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a quotidian schizogony cycle?

P.vivax

P.malariae

P.knowlesi (correct)

P.falciparum

What is the term for the phase of the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in the liver?

Gametogony

Exoerythrocytic schizogony (correct)

Sporogony

Erythrocytic schizogony

Which of the following is NOT a species of Plasmodium that infects humans?

P.berghei Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which gametes are formed in Plasmodium?

Gametogony Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a tertian schizogony cycle?

P.vivax Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote in Plasmodium?

Syngamy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a species of Plasmodium that infects ungulates?

P.bubalis Signup and view all the answers

How many species of Plasmodium are reported to infect reptiles?

At least 101 species Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in Varanus grayi from Luzon?

P.auffenbergi Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic symptom of human malaria?

Severe chill Signup and view all the answers

What is the most pathogenic Plasmodium species in humans?

P.falciparum Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication of malaria characterized by fever, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria?

Blackwater fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Plasmodium species that causes benign tertian malaria?

P.vivax Signup and view all the answers

In which lizard species were three Plasmodium species found?

Draco volans Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in canaries?

P.canthemerium Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of antibody-based detection tests for human malaria?

They are rapid, specific, and highly sensitive Signup and view all the answers

What is quinine, in relation to malaria treatment?

The first drug used for treatment of malaria in humans Signup and view all the answers

In highly endemic areas, what is recommended for malaria prevention?

Chemoprophylaxis with atovaquone–proguanil, doxycycline, primaquine, or mefloquine Signup and view all the answers

What is PfSPZ?

A vaccine that utilizes radiation attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of a vaccine against sporozoites?

To prevent malaria infection Signup and view all the answers

Who presented a lecture on malaria vaccines in 2014?

Dr. Thomas L. Richie Signup and view all the answers

After inoculation, where are pre-erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium spp. of birds found?

In macrophages and fibroblasts near the inoculation site Signup and view all the answers

Which Plasmodium spp. of birds enter endothelial cells?

P.gallinaceum, P.relictum and P.canthemerium Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the schizogony cycle in P.circumflexum?

48 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which Plasmodium spp. of birds have round or irregular gamonts that displace the nucleus?

P.gallinaceum, P.canthemerium, P.juxtanucleare, P.relictum, and P.griffithsi Signup and view all the answers

Where do merozoites of P.elongatum and P.vaughani enter?

Cells of hemopoietic system Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the schizogony cycle in P.relictum?

Lasts 36 hours Signup and view all the answers

In which Plasmodium spp. of birds do exoerythocytic schizonts occur in the liver?

None of the Plasmodium spp. of birds Signup and view all the answers

How many species of Plasmodium spp. of birds are identified?

Over 30 species Signup and view all the answers

What is a common finding in birds infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare?

Enlarged spleen and anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of acute infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate of Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare in chickens?

90% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Plasmodium juxtanucleare infection?

CNS signs due to exoerythrocytic forms Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for mortality in Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected chickens?

5-10 days post-inoculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the brain?

Brain edema and inflammatory infiltrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a host of Hepatocystis?

Chickens Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the liver and gall bladder?

Hepatomegaly and increased gall bladder volume Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plasmodium spp: Life Cycle

The life cycle of Plasmodium spp. involves inoculation of sporozoites, exoerythrocytic schizogony, sporogony, erythrocytic schizogony, and gametogony.

Classification of Plasmodium spp.

Plasmodium spp. are classified based on the length of their schizogony cycle:
- Quotidian: 1-day cycle (P. knowlesi)
- Tertian: 2-day cycle (P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, and others)
- Quartan: 3-day cycle (P. malariae, and others)

Plasmodium spp. of Different Hosts

Plasmodium spp. infect various hosts, including:
- Mammals: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. malariae, and P. ovale in humans
- Non-human primates: P. schwetzi, P. reichenowi, P. eylesi, and others
- Rodents: P. berghei, P. vickei, and P. chabaudi
- Ungulates: P. bubalis and P. odocoilei
- Birds: Over 30 species identified
- Reptiles: At least 101 species reported to infect reptiles

Pathology of Human Malaria

Human malaria is characterized by paroxysm, which begins with severe chill
P. vivax causes benign tertian malaria
P. falciparum causes malignant tertian malaria, the most pathogenic in humans, with complications like cerebral form and blackwater fever

Pathology of Avian Malaria

Pathogenic Plasmodium spp. of birds include P. canthemerium, P. gallinaceum, P. relictum, and P. juxtanucleare
Enlarged spleen and anemia are common findings
Brown-tinged skin and darkening of the viscera may be observed due to pigment deposition
Mortality can be as high as 90% in chickens infected with P. gallinaceum and P. juxtanucleare

Treatment and Control of Malaria

Quinine is the first drug used for treatment of malaria in humans
Other drugs used include quinacrine, chloroquine, primaquine, amodiaquine, and pyrimethamine
Chemoprophylaxis with atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, primaquine, or mefloquine is recommended in highly endemic areas
Vaccines against sporozoites have been developed, including one that utilizes radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ)

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Description

This quiz covers the life cycle of Plasmodium spp, including the inoculation of sporozoites and exoerythrocytic stages.