38 Questions
What is the term for the process by which sporozoites are introduced into a host?
Inoculation
Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a quotidian schizogony cycle?
P.knowlesi
What is the term for the phase of the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in the liver?
Exoerythrocytic schizogony
Which of the following is NOT a species of Plasmodium that infects humans?
P.berghei
What is the term for the process by which gametes are formed in Plasmodium?
Gametogony
Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a tertian schizogony cycle?
P.vivax
What is the term for the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote in Plasmodium?
Syngamy
Which of the following is a species of Plasmodium that infects ungulates?
P.bubalis
How many species of Plasmodium are reported to infect reptiles?
At least 101 species
What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in Varanus grayi from Luzon?
P.auffenbergi
What is the characteristic symptom of human malaria?
Severe chill
What is the most pathogenic Plasmodium species in humans?
P.falciparum
What is the complication of malaria characterized by fever, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria?
Blackwater fever
What is the name of the Plasmodium species that causes benign tertian malaria?
P.vivax
In which lizard species were three Plasmodium species found?
Draco volans
What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in canaries?
P.canthemerium
What is an advantage of antibody-based detection tests for human malaria?
They are rapid, specific, and highly sensitive
What is quinine, in relation to malaria treatment?
The first drug used for treatment of malaria in humans
In highly endemic areas, what is recommended for malaria prevention?
Chemoprophylaxis with atovaquone–proguanil, doxycycline, primaquine, or mefloquine
What is PfSPZ?
A vaccine that utilizes radiation attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites
What is the goal of a vaccine against sporozoites?
To prevent malaria infection
Who presented a lecture on malaria vaccines in 2014?
Dr. Thomas L. Richie
After inoculation, where are pre-erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium spp. of birds found?
In macrophages and fibroblasts near the inoculation site
Which Plasmodium spp. of birds enter endothelial cells?
P.gallinaceum, P.relictum and P.canthemerium
What is the duration of the schizogony cycle in P.circumflexum?
48 hours
Which Plasmodium spp. of birds have round or irregular gamonts that displace the nucleus?
P.gallinaceum, P.canthemerium, P.juxtanucleare, P.relictum, and P.griffithsi
Where do merozoites of P.elongatum and P.vaughani enter?
Cells of hemopoietic system
What is the characteristic of the schizogony cycle in P.relictum?
Lasts 36 hours
In which Plasmodium spp. of birds do exoerythocytic schizonts occur in the liver?
None of the Plasmodium spp. of birds
How many species of Plasmodium spp. of birds are identified?
Over 30 species
What is a common finding in birds infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare?
Enlarged spleen and anemia
Which of the following is a sign of acute infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum?
All of the above
What is the mortality rate of Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare in chickens?
90%
Which of the following is a characteristic of Plasmodium juxtanucleare infection?
CNS signs due to exoerythrocytic forms
What is the time frame for mortality in Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected chickens?
5-10 days post-inoculation
What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the brain?
Brain edema and inflammatory infiltrates
Which of the following is not a host of Hepatocystis?
Chickens
What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the liver and gall bladder?
Hepatomegaly and increased gall bladder volume
Study Notes
Plasmodium spp: Life Cycle
- The life cycle of Plasmodium spp. involves inoculation of sporozoites, exoerythrocytic schizogony, sporogony, erythrocytic schizogony, and gametogony.
Classification of Plasmodium spp.
- Plasmodium spp. are classified based on the length of their schizogony cycle:
- Quotidian: 1-day cycle (P. knowlesi)
- Tertian: 2-day cycle (P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, and others)
- Quartan: 3-day cycle (P. malariae, and others)
Plasmodium spp. of Different Hosts
- Plasmodium spp. infect various hosts, including:
- Mammals: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. malariae, and P. ovale in humans
- Non-human primates: P. schwetzi, P. reichenowi, P. eylesi, and others
- Rodents: P. berghei, P. vickei, and P. chabaudi
- Ungulates: P. bubalis and P. odocoilei
- Birds: Over 30 species identified
- Reptiles: At least 101 species reported to infect reptiles
Pathology of Human Malaria
- Human malaria is characterized by paroxysm, which begins with severe chill
- P. vivax causes benign tertian malaria
- P. falciparum causes malignant tertian malaria, the most pathogenic in humans, with complications like cerebral form and blackwater fever
Pathology of Avian Malaria
- Pathogenic Plasmodium spp. of birds include P. canthemerium, P. gallinaceum, P. relictum, and P. juxtanucleare
- Enlarged spleen and anemia are common findings
- Brown-tinged skin and darkening of the viscera may be observed due to pigment deposition
- Mortality can be as high as 90% in chickens infected with P. gallinaceum and P. juxtanucleare
Treatment and Control of Malaria
- Quinine is the first drug used for treatment of malaria in humans
- Other drugs used include quinacrine, chloroquine, primaquine, amodiaquine, and pyrimethamine
- Chemoprophylaxis with atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, primaquine, or mefloquine is recommended in highly endemic areas
- Vaccines against sporozoites have been developed, including one that utilizes radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ)
This quiz covers the life cycle of Plasmodium spp, including the inoculation of sporozoites and exoerythrocytic stages.
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