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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the process by which sporozoites are introduced into a host?
What is the term for the process by which sporozoites are introduced into a host?
- Gametogony
- Sporogony
- Syngamy
- Inoculation (correct)
Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a quotidian schizogony cycle?
Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a quotidian schizogony cycle?
- P.vivax
- P.malariae
- P.knowlesi (correct)
- P.falciparum
What is the term for the phase of the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in the liver?
What is the term for the phase of the Plasmodium life cycle that occurs in the liver?
- Gametogony
- Exoerythrocytic schizogony (correct)
- Sporogony
- Erythrocytic schizogony
Which of the following is NOT a species of Plasmodium that infects humans?
Which of the following is NOT a species of Plasmodium that infects humans?
What is the term for the process by which gametes are formed in Plasmodium?
What is the term for the process by which gametes are formed in Plasmodium?
Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a tertian schizogony cycle?
Which of the following species of Plasmodium has a tertian schizogony cycle?
What is the term for the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote in Plasmodium?
What is the term for the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote in Plasmodium?
Which of the following is a species of Plasmodium that infects ungulates?
Which of the following is a species of Plasmodium that infects ungulates?
How many species of Plasmodium are reported to infect reptiles?
How many species of Plasmodium are reported to infect reptiles?
What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in Varanus grayi from Luzon?
What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in Varanus grayi from Luzon?
What is the characteristic symptom of human malaria?
What is the characteristic symptom of human malaria?
What is the most pathogenic Plasmodium species in humans?
What is the most pathogenic Plasmodium species in humans?
What is the complication of malaria characterized by fever, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria?
What is the complication of malaria characterized by fever, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria?
What is the name of the Plasmodium species that causes benign tertian malaria?
What is the name of the Plasmodium species that causes benign tertian malaria?
In which lizard species were three Plasmodium species found?
In which lizard species were three Plasmodium species found?
What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in canaries?
What is the name of the Plasmodium species found in canaries?
What is an advantage of antibody-based detection tests for human malaria?
What is an advantage of antibody-based detection tests for human malaria?
What is quinine, in relation to malaria treatment?
What is quinine, in relation to malaria treatment?
In highly endemic areas, what is recommended for malaria prevention?
In highly endemic areas, what is recommended for malaria prevention?
What is PfSPZ?
What is PfSPZ?
What is the goal of a vaccine against sporozoites?
What is the goal of a vaccine against sporozoites?
Who presented a lecture on malaria vaccines in 2014?
Who presented a lecture on malaria vaccines in 2014?
After inoculation, where are pre-erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium spp. of birds found?
After inoculation, where are pre-erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium spp. of birds found?
Which Plasmodium spp. of birds enter endothelial cells?
Which Plasmodium spp. of birds enter endothelial cells?
What is the duration of the schizogony cycle in P.circumflexum?
What is the duration of the schizogony cycle in P.circumflexum?
Which Plasmodium spp. of birds have round or irregular gamonts that displace the nucleus?
Which Plasmodium spp. of birds have round or irregular gamonts that displace the nucleus?
Where do merozoites of P.elongatum and P.vaughani enter?
Where do merozoites of P.elongatum and P.vaughani enter?
What is the characteristic of the schizogony cycle in P.relictum?
What is the characteristic of the schizogony cycle in P.relictum?
In which Plasmodium spp. of birds do exoerythocytic schizonts occur in the liver?
In which Plasmodium spp. of birds do exoerythocytic schizonts occur in the liver?
How many species of Plasmodium spp. of birds are identified?
How many species of Plasmodium spp. of birds are identified?
What is a common finding in birds infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare?
What is a common finding in birds infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare?
Which of the following is a sign of acute infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum?
Which of the following is a sign of acute infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum?
What is the mortality rate of Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare in chickens?
What is the mortality rate of Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium juxtanucleare in chickens?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Plasmodium juxtanucleare infection?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Plasmodium juxtanucleare infection?
What is the time frame for mortality in Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected chickens?
What is the time frame for mortality in Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected chickens?
What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the brain?
What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the brain?
Which of the following is not a host of Hepatocystis?
Which of the following is not a host of Hepatocystis?
What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the liver and gall bladder?
What is the result of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection on the liver and gall bladder?
Study Notes
Plasmodium spp: Life Cycle
- The life cycle of Plasmodium spp. involves inoculation of sporozoites, exoerythrocytic schizogony, sporogony, erythrocytic schizogony, and gametogony.
Classification of Plasmodium spp.
- Plasmodium spp. are classified based on the length of their schizogony cycle:
- Quotidian: 1-day cycle (P. knowlesi)
- Tertian: 2-day cycle (P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, and others)
- Quartan: 3-day cycle (P. malariae, and others)
Plasmodium spp. of Different Hosts
- Plasmodium spp. infect various hosts, including:
- Mammals: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. malariae, and P. ovale in humans
- Non-human primates: P. schwetzi, P. reichenowi, P. eylesi, and others
- Rodents: P. berghei, P. vickei, and P. chabaudi
- Ungulates: P. bubalis and P. odocoilei
- Birds: Over 30 species identified
- Reptiles: At least 101 species reported to infect reptiles
Pathology of Human Malaria
- Human malaria is characterized by paroxysm, which begins with severe chill
- P. vivax causes benign tertian malaria
- P. falciparum causes malignant tertian malaria, the most pathogenic in humans, with complications like cerebral form and blackwater fever
Pathology of Avian Malaria
- Pathogenic Plasmodium spp. of birds include P. canthemerium, P. gallinaceum, P. relictum, and P. juxtanucleare
- Enlarged spleen and anemia are common findings
- Brown-tinged skin and darkening of the viscera may be observed due to pigment deposition
- Mortality can be as high as 90% in chickens infected with P. gallinaceum and P. juxtanucleare
Treatment and Control of Malaria
- Quinine is the first drug used for treatment of malaria in humans
- Other drugs used include quinacrine, chloroquine, primaquine, amodiaquine, and pyrimethamine
- Chemoprophylaxis with atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, primaquine, or mefloquine is recommended in highly endemic areas
- Vaccines against sporozoites have been developed, including one that utilizes radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ)
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Description
This quiz covers the life cycle of Plasmodium spp, including the inoculation of sporozoites and exoerythrocytic stages.
