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Questions and Answers
In the described experiment, what was the primary outcome observed when V1a receptor levels were artificially increased in the ventral pallidum (VP) of meadow voles?
In the described experiment, what was the primary outcome observed when V1a receptor levels were artificially increased in the ventral pallidum (VP) of meadow voles?
- The meadow voles showed increased aggression towards strangers.
- The meadow voles demonstrated a preference for solitude.
- The meadow voles displayed social behavior similar to monogamous prairie voles. (correct)
- The meadow voles exhibited decreased social contact with their partners.
What is the significance of microsatellite length variation upstream of the avpr1a transcription start site in prairie voles?
What is the significance of microsatellite length variation upstream of the avpr1a transcription start site in prairie voles?
- It is associated with differences in V1a receptor expression patterns and behavior. (correct)
- It primarily affects physical characteristics such as coat color.
- It has no impact on V1a receptor expression or social behavior.
- It determines the species of the vole.
According to the information, what is the role of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) in the experiment with meadow voles?
According to the information, what is the role of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) in the experiment with meadow voles?
- To transfer genes, artificially increasing V1a receptors to the VP area. (correct)
- To induce polygamous behavior in prairie voles.
- To suppress the production of V1a receptors in the brain.
- To measure the existing levels of V1a receptors.
What can be inferred about the relationship between proximate and ultimate hypotheses based on the provided text?
What can be inferred about the relationship between proximate and ultimate hypotheses based on the provided text?
In the context of the Hoffman article, what are orthologs?
In the context of the Hoffman article, what are orthologs?
If a researcher aims to study the genetic basis of social behavior across different vole species, which approach would be most appropriate based on the provided information?
If a researcher aims to study the genetic basis of social behavior across different vole species, which approach would be most appropriate based on the provided information?
How does allele length in the human AVPR1A locus relate to brain activity, according to the information?
How does allele length in the human AVPR1A locus relate to brain activity, according to the information?
Considering the experimental design described, what is the most likely control group for assessing the impact of AAV-mediated V1a receptor transfer on social behavior in meadow voles?
Considering the experimental design described, what is the most likely control group for assessing the impact of AAV-mediated V1a receptor transfer on social behavior in meadow voles?
Which of the following statements accurately contrasts the mating behaviors of prairie voles and montane voles?
Which of the following statements accurately contrasts the mating behaviors of prairie voles and montane voles?
A researcher is investigating the factors influencing monogamy in male prairie voles. Based on the information, what would be the most logical next step following the observation that male prairie voles become pair-bonded after 24 hours of mating?
A researcher is investigating the factors influencing monogamy in male prairie voles. Based on the information, what would be the most logical next step following the observation that male prairie voles become pair-bonded after 24 hours of mating?
The experiment described uses immunohistochemistry to study vasopressin receptors in voles. What is the primary purpose of using this technique in this context?
The experiment described uses immunohistochemistry to study vasopressin receptors in voles. What is the primary purpose of using this technique in this context?
Based on the results, where are vasopressin receptors (V1a) primarily located in monogamous prairie voles?
Based on the results, where are vasopressin receptors (V1a) primarily located in monogamous prairie voles?
If a researcher discovers that a particular drug increases vasopressin activity specifically in the ventral pallidum, what behavioral change would be most consistent with the findings on prairie voles?
If a researcher discovers that a particular drug increases vasopressin activity specifically in the ventral pallidum, what behavioral change would be most consistent with the findings on prairie voles?
What is the significance of the ventral pallidum in the context of this research?
What is the significance of the ventral pallidum in the context of this research?
A researcher hypothesizes that oxytocin, another hormone, also plays a role in pair bonding in female prairie voles. Which experiment would best test this hypothesis?
A researcher hypothesizes that oxytocin, another hormone, also plays a role in pair bonding in female prairie voles. Which experiment would best test this hypothesis?
If researchers found similar distributions of vasopressin receptors in both monogamous prairie voles and polygynous meadow voles, what would this suggest?
If researchers found similar distributions of vasopressin receptors in both monogamous prairie voles and polygynous meadow voles, what would this suggest?
A researcher observes that prairie voles exhibit monogamous behavior. Following the scientific method, what is the MOST logical next step?
A researcher observes that prairie voles exhibit monogamous behavior. Following the scientific method, what is the MOST logical next step?
A scientist hypothesizes that monogamy in prairie voles is caused by an abundance of vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum. Which prediction logically follows this hypothesis?
A scientist hypothesizes that monogamy in prairie voles is caused by an abundance of vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum. Which prediction logically follows this hypothesis?
In an experiment, researchers administer a vasopressin receptor antagonist to mated prairie voles. What outcome would BEST support the hypothesis that vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum are necessary for maintaining monogamy?
In an experiment, researchers administer a vasopressin receptor antagonist to mated prairie voles. What outcome would BEST support the hypothesis that vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum are necessary for maintaining monogamy?
Based on the experiments with prairie voles, what is the MOST likely role of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) in female voles?
Based on the experiments with prairie voles, what is the MOST likely role of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) in female voles?
In experiments involving the introduction of a prairie vole gene into mice, what key observation supports the role of genetics in vole behavior?
In experiments involving the introduction of a prairie vole gene into mice, what key observation supports the role of genetics in vole behavior?
Researchers are studying two groups of prairie voles: one that received a control injection (CSF) and another that received vasopressin (AVP). What type of behavior are the researchers MOST likely measuring to determine the effect of vasopressin?
Researchers are studying two groups of prairie voles: one that received a control injection (CSF) and another that received vasopressin (AVP). What type of behavior are the researchers MOST likely measuring to determine the effect of vasopressin?
Donaldson et al. (2010) found that a particular antagonist had no effect on the behavior of prairie voles. What is a valid interpretation of this result in the context of understanding monogamy?
Donaldson et al. (2010) found that a particular antagonist had no effect on the behavior of prairie voles. What is a valid interpretation of this result in the context of understanding monogamy?
Prairie voles and montane voles differ in the 5' flanking region of the V1a vasopressin receptor gene. How does this genetic difference MOST likely contribute to the observed behavioral differences between these two species?
Prairie voles and montane voles differ in the 5' flanking region of the V1a vasopressin receptor gene. How does this genetic difference MOST likely contribute to the observed behavioral differences between these two species?
Flashcards
Vole Monogamy
Vole Monogamy
Most vole species are not monogamous, and males don't provide parental care.
Vole Mating Differences
Vole Mating Differences
Prairie voles are monogamous; montane and meadow voles are polygynous.
Prairie Vole Bonding
Prairie Vole Bonding
Male prairie voles form pair bonds after 24 hours of mating and prefer their partner.
Monogamy Cause Question
Monogamy Cause Question
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Vasopressin Hypothesis
Vasopressin Hypothesis
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Vole Receptor Prediction
Vole Receptor Prediction
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Prairie Vole Receptors
Prairie Vole Receptors
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Ventral Pallidum
Ventral Pallidum
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Prairie Vole
Prairie Vole
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Adeno-Associated Viral Vector (AAV)
Adeno-Associated Viral Vector (AAV)
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Ventral Pallidum (VP)
Ventral Pallidum (VP)
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Amygdala
Amygdala
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Proximate Analyses
Proximate Analyses
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Ultimate Analyses
Ultimate Analyses
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Orthologs
Orthologs
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Transgenic
Transgenic
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
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Prediction
Prediction
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Monogamy Prediction
Monogamy Prediction
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Montane Vole Prediction
Montane Vole Prediction
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V1a Antagonist Effect
V1a Antagonist Effect
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Females OT vs AVP
Females OT vs AVP
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Genetic Differences (Voles)
Genetic Differences (Voles)
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Transgenic Voles in Mice
Transgenic Voles in Mice
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Study Notes
- Most species are not monogamous, and males typically do not provide parental care.
- In rare cases, males are monogamous and provide parental care, as seen in humans.
- Prairie voles are monogamous and mate for life, while montane and meadow voles are polygynous.
- Monogamous prairie voles display mate-guarding and paternal care, polygynous vole species do not bond and provide no paternal care.
- Many studies on vole behavior were conducted in the 1980s–1990s.
- Male prairie voles become pair-bonded only after 24 hours of mating.
- Prairie voles prefer their partner, Montane voles do not show partner preference.
Research Question
- Researchers wanted to know what causes this shift in behavior/what causes monogamy?
Hypothesis
- Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin – AVP) activity in the brain affects monogamy.
- It had been previously shown that vasopressin affected male behavior in rodents.
- Oxytocin was also considered as a target.
Experiment and Prediction
- Experimenters mated two vole species and used immunohistochemistry for vasopressin receptors.
- Monogamous vole species should show different distributions of vasopressin receptors than non-monogamous species after mating.
Results
- Vasopressin receptors (V1a) are found in the ventral pallidum of prairie voles.
- The ventral pallidum is a brain part that modulates positive feedback.
- Monogamy is potentially caused by either an abundance of vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum, or by an abundant release of vasopressin.
- Copulation causes a response.
Vole Experiments
- Unmated voles were tested for affiliative behavior.
- CSF is a control injection.
- AVP is vasopressin.
- Polygynous Montane voles and monogamous Prairie voles were compared.
- It was predicted that if monogamy is caused by an abundance of vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidum, adding vasopressin impacts vole behavior.
Prairie Vole Experiments
- CSF is a control injection.
- V1a is a vasopressin antagonist.
- OTA is an oxytocin antagonist.
- AVP is vasopressin.
- OT is oxytocin.
- Experiments studied mated and unmated voles.
- Partner preference was measured.
- In prairie voles experiments found that in females, oxytocin has a greater effect than vasopressin, while in males, vasopressin is crucial for partner preference.
- Donaldson et al. 2010 found that an antagonist has no effect.
- Administration of AVPA, blocks preference formation and expression in the voles.
Genetic Factors
- Prairie and Montane Voles differ genetically.
- Random mutations in the microsatellite DNA regions can alter vole social behavior.
- Inserting a vole gene and promoter in mice (transgenics) has an effect.
- Vole experiments use adeno-associated viral vectors for gene transfer, and study transgenics.
Vasopressin Receptors
- Autoradiograms display vasopressin V1a receptor patterns in the ventral pallidum (VP) of prairie voles (monogamous) and meadow voles (polygamous).
- V1a receptor levels were artificially increased within the VP of meadow voles using adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) gene transfer (meadow + AAV).
Additional Facts
- There is influence of genetic polymorphisms on gene expression levels, brain activation, and social behavior.
- Microsatellite length variation upstream of the avpr1a transcription start site relates to differences in V1a receptor expression patterns and behavior in prairie voles.
Peromyscus species (wild mice)
- Examines Mating systems, range overlap, reproductive organs and behaviors, reproductivity etc
- Neural V1aR expression patterns in Peromyscus brains can be observed through autoradiograms.
Proximate and Ultimate Analyses
- Proximate explanations focus on immediate causes, while ultimate explanations focus on evolutionary pressures.
- Proximate and ultimate hypotheses cannot be alternative hypotheses.
- Alternative or alternate hypotheses are mutually exclusive.
- A complimentary or additional hypothesis is different.
Orthologs and Phenologs
- Orthologs are genes in two different species with a common ancestor, are inherited and have diverged (or show no divergence).
- Phenologs are phenotypes of orthologs.
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Description
An exploration of the causes of monogamy within species of voles and specifically related to vasopressin activity in the brain. Studies on vole behavior were conducted in the 1980s–1990s. Male prairie voles become pair-bonded only after 24 hours of mating.
