Volcanoes and Geological Activity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of volcano is characterized by tall mountains and violent eruptions?

  • Composite (Stratovolcano) (correct)
  • Cinder Cone
  • Shield Volcano
  • Dormant Volcano

An extinct volcano has erupted in historical times.

False (B)

What is the molten rock that erupts at the ground surface called?

lava

A __________ volcano is flat and broad with low-silica lava.

<p>Shield</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of lava flow?

<p>Stratovolcano (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of volcanic eruptions to their descriptions:

<p>Hydrothermal = Driven by water interaction, does not include magma Phreatic = Driven by heat in hydrothermal systems, can produce ash Effusive = Non-explosive outpourings of lava that flow slowly Explosive = Characterized by violent explosions and ash production</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cinder cone volcanoes erupt multiple times.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a shield volcano.

<p>Mauna Loa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary beneficial effects of volcanic activity?

<p>Creation of new landforms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Geothermal energy is not produced in the Philippines due to its location.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the Earth is the lithosphere made of?

<p>The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Volcanoes are often found at ______________ boundaries.

<p>plate tectonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following volcanic features to their respective boundaries:

<p>Divergent Boundaries = Form mid-ocean ridges Convergent Boundaries = Form trenches and volcanoes Volcanoes in Plate Interiors = Volcanoes that do not conform to plate boundaries Mid-Atlantic Ridge = An example of a divergent boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is associated with volcanic eruptions?

<p>Creation of flash floods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The asthenosphere is characterized by solid rock only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the movement of molten material within the asthenosphere?

<p>Temperature differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines climate as opposed to weather?

<p>Long-term atmospheric conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A thermometer is used for measuring wind speed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What instrument is used to indicate wind direction?

<p>Wind vane</p> Signup and view all the answers

The agency responsible for monitoring atmospheric changes in the Philippines is ______.

<p>PAGASA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following instruments with their functions:

<p>Radiosonde = Measures altitude, pressure, temperature, relative humidity and wind Anemometer = Measures wind speed and wind pressure Rain gauge = Records rainfall depth over time Barograph = Creates continuous recordings of atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments measures humidity?

<p>Hygrograph (A), Sling psychrometer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire are formed exclusively at plate boundaries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a mercury barometer?

<p>To calibrate and check aneroid barometers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eruption is characterized by interaction between magma and water, leading to explosive results?

<p>Phreatomagmatic eruption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strombolian eruptions are the most violent type of volcanic eruption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lahar?

<p>A fast-moving mudflow that includes debris along its path.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ eruption can produce ash columns up to 20 km in height.

<p>Vulcanian</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant hazard of volcanic ash fall?

<p>It can cause lung damage in vulnerable populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of volcanic eruption with its description:

<p>Hawaiian = Characterized by fire fountains and lava flows Plinian = Produces tall columns of ash and gas up to 35 km Strombolian = Features explosions causing a shower of lava fragments Subplinian = Has relatively unsteady eruption columns up to 20 km high</p> Signup and view all the answers

All volcanic gases contribute to a decrease in global temperatures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a Plinian eruption?

<p>Tall eruption columns that may collapse forming pyroclastic density currents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered natural factors affecting global climate? (Select all that apply)

<p>Solar activities (B), Volcanic eruptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The El Niño phenomenon primarily cools the atmosphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do oceans play in global climate?

<p>Oceans absorb and distribute heat and act as carbon sinks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans contribute to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through ______.

<p>burning fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the anthropogenic activities with their effects on global warming:

<p>Burning fossil fuels = Releases greenhouse gases Deforestation = Reduces carbon dioxide absorption Industrial practices = Releases methane and nitrous oxide Electricity use = Contributes to greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which greenhouse gas is commonly released by wild forest fires?

<p>Carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cloud cover only contributes to warming the atmosphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon stored in a living organism when it dies?

<p>It is released into the ground as it decomposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for living things that add carbon to the atmosphere?

<p>Source (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels do not contribute to the carbon cycle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do plants use to take in carbon dioxide?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increase of __________ gases in the atmosphere enhances the natural greenhouse effect.

<p>greenhouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the activities with their impact on carbon in the atmosphere:

<p>Burning fossil fuels = Adds carbon to atmosphere Deforestation = Increases carbon release Photosynthesis = Removes carbon from atmosphere Respiration = Releases carbon into atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the enhanced greenhouse effect have on the planet's temperature?

<p>Increases global temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Global warming only affects local climates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases?

<p>Global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a volcano?

A vent in the Earth's crust from which molten rock, ash, and gases escape.

Active Volcano

Volcanoes that have erupted in the last 10,000 years and show signs of activity.

Inactive (Dormant) Volcano

Volcanoes that have not erupted in a long time but could erupt again. They haven't been active in a long time but are still capable of erupting.

Extinct Volcano

Volcanoes that have not erupted since historical times and are unlikely to erupt again. The magma supply is depleted.

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Composite Volcano

Tall mountains with craters on top, known for violent eruptions, formed by layers of lava and ash.

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Shield Volcano

Flat and broad volcanoes, formed by runny lava flows with low silica content. They have gentle slopes.

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Cinder Cone Volcano

Small, cone-shaped volcanoes formed by eruptions of pyroclastic material. They have steep slopes.

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Lava

Molten rock that erupts from a volcano.

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Weather

The day-to-day changes in the atmosphere, like temperature, wind, and precipitation.

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Climate

The long-term average weather patterns in a region, over many years.

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Thermometer

An instrument used to measure temperature, typically in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin.

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Barometer

An instrument used to measure air pressure, which can indicate altitude above sea level.

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Anemometer

An instrument that measures wind speed and wind pressure.

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Wind Vane

An instrument that indicates wind direction.

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Sling Psychrometer

An instrument used to measure relative humidity, which is the amount of moisture in the air.

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PAGASA

The government agency in the Philippines responsible for monitoring weather and climate.

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What is the Earth's Crust?

The outermost solid layer of the Earth, thinner under oceans (10 km) than continents (35 km).

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What is the Earth's Mantle?

The layer below the crust, containing the lithosphere (solid upper mantle and crust) and asthenosphere (molten rock enabling plate movement).

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What is the Lithosphere?

The solid, outermost part of the Earth, composed of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.

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What is the Asthenosphere?

The soft, partially molten layer of the mantle, allowing the lithosphere to move.

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What is Divergent Boundary?

The process where plates move apart, forming mid-ocean ridges and submarine volcanoes.

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What is Convergent Boundary?

The process where plates collide, forming trenches, volcanoes, and islands.

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What is Geothermal Energy?

Heat from Earth's interior used to generate electricity.

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What is Plate Tectonics?

The theory explaining the movement of Earth's lithosphere in segments or plates.

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Phreatomagmatic eruption

An eruption caused by the interaction of magma with water, leading to powerful explosions.

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Hydrothermal eruption

Eruptions that result from the interaction of water and magma, creating explosions without magma expulsion.

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Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions

The least violent explosive eruptions, characterized by fire fountains and lava flows (Hawaiian) or lava fragment showers (Strombolian).

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Vulcanian eruption

Small to moderate explosive eruptions lasting for short periods, producing ash columns and lava bombs.

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Subplinian and Plinian eruptions

Powerful eruptions with sustained magma discharge, forming tall eruption columns of gas and rock particles.

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Volcanic ash fall

Fine volcanic ash can cause respiratory problems, damage equipment, and impact the environment.

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Lava flows

Lava flows are streams of molten rock, highly destructive, and can drastically reshape landscapes.

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Solar Irradiance

The sun's energy reaching Earth, influencing climate patterns and contributing to warming.

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Greenhouse Effect

The natural process where Earth's temperature is regulated by gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, similar to a blanket.

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Greenhouse Gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and warming the Earth.

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Fossil Fuel Combustion

The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

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Deforestation

The process of clearing forests for other land uses, reducing the Earth's ability to absorb carbon dioxide, thus contributing to global warming.

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Carbon Cycle

The natural cycle that involves the movement of carbon between the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, biosphere and rocks. It governs carbon's flow and storage.

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Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide are examples of these gases that contribute to global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere.

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Anthropogenic Emissions

The release of greenhouse gases from human activities, like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, contributing to global warming.

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Photosynthesis

The process where plants use carbon dioxide and sunlight to create food (sugar) and release oxygen.

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Respiration

The process where living organisms break down sugars for energy, releasing carbon dioxide as a by-product.

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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

The increased amount of heat retained in the atmosphere due to a surplus of greenhouse gases caused by human activities, leading to global warming.

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Global Warming

An increase in Earth's average temperature caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect.

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Carbon Source

Anything that releases carbon into the atmosphere.

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Carbon Sink

Anything that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere.

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Earth's Carbon Budget

The balance between carbon released by sources and carbon absorbed by sinks.

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Study Notes

Week 1: Volcanoes (Unit 1)

  • A volcano is an opening in a planet's crust allowing molten rock, ash, and gases to escape.
  • Examples include Mount Tavurvur (Papua New Guinea) and Mayon Volcano (Philippines).
  • Classification of Volcanoes:
    • Active: Volcanoes that have erupted in the last 10,000 years and show signs of activity.
    • Inactive (Dormant): Volcanoes that have not erupted in a long time, but may erupt again.
    • Extinct: Volcanoes that have not erupted since historical times and are unlikely to erupt again.
  • Types of Volcanoes:
    • Composite (Stratovolcano): Tall, cone-shaped volcanoes composed of layers of lava and ash; characterized by high silica content lava which leads to violent eruptions. Mayon Volcano is an example.
    • Shield Volcano: Broad, gently sloping volcanoes formed by the effusive eruption of low-viscosity lava. Mauna Loa and Kilauea are examples.
    • Cinder Cone: Small, steep-sided volcanoes formed from the accumulation of tephra (fragmental material) ejected from a single vent. Paricutin (Mexico) and Jolo (Philippines) are examples.
  • Volcanic Eruptions:
    • Effusive Lava: Molten rock (lava) flows out of a volcano without explosive activity. Lava flows can be fast or slow depending on lava viscosity.
    • Explosive Eruptions: A more violent type of eruption due to interaction of magma and water(Hydrothermal, Phreatic and Phreatomagmatic); or other factors.

Week 2: Effects and Energy from Volcanoes

  • Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions:
    • Ash: Disrupts air travel, damages respiratory health
    • Gases: Affect global temperatures and form acid rain
    • Lava flows: Destroy everything in their path
    • Lahars: Fast-moving mudflows of volcanic material and water
    • Volcanic ash fall: Can be abrasive, acidic, and odorous, causing lung damage.
  • Explosive Types:
    • Hydrothermal: Driven by water interaction; includes pulverized surrounding rock
    • Phreatic: Driven by heat in hydrothermal systems; pulverizes surrounding rock
    • Phreatomagmatic: Interaction of magma and water; highly explosive
    • Strombolian: Relatively low explosive eruptions that produce lava fragments
    • Vulcanian: Moderate explosive eruptions; forms tall ash columns
    • Subplinian: Form high ash columns; last for hours
    • Plinian: Very explosive and form very high ash columns; may collapse
    • Ultraplinian: Extremely large and with high magma discharge rate eruptions.

Week 3: Lava Flow and Volcano Locations

  • Earth's Layers:
    • Crust: The outermost solid layer. Thinner under oceans and thicker under continents
    • Mantle: Contains the lithosphere (solid) and asthenosphere (molten rock)
    • Lithosphere: The crust and uppermost mantle; broken into tectonic plates
    • Asthenosphere: Hotter, molten rock.
  • Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics:
    • Volcanoes frequently found at plate boundaries (divergent, convergent) and sometimes above hotspots.

Week 4: Weather vs Climate

  • Weather: Short-term atmospheric conditions, varies by the day.
  • Climate: Average atmospheric conditions in a region over many years.
  • Weather Instruments:
    • Thermometer: Measures temperature.
    • Mercury barometer: Measures atmospheric pressure (using mercury).
    • Aneroid barometer: Measures atmospheric pressure.
    • Barograph: Continuously records atmospheric pressure.
    • Anemometer: Measures wind speed.
    • Wind vane: Shows wind direction.
    • Sling psychrometer: Measures relative humidity.
    • Hygrograph: Shows humidity change over time.
    • Rain gauge: Measures rainfall depth.
    • Radiosonde: Measures altitude, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind, cosmic rays..
    • Radar: Detects weather using radio waves.

Week 4: Climate Change

  • Carbon Cycle: Carbon moves between atmosphere, oceans, biosphere (living things), and geosphere.
  • Greenhouse Effect: Natural process warming Earth; enhanced effect because of human activity.
  • Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Increased heat-retaining gases (e.g,. carbon dioxide) cause a warmer Earth temperature.
  • Climate Change: Long-term shift in Earth's climate, due to natural processes and human activities.
  • Global Warming: Increased global temperatures due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.

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Test your knowledge about different types of volcanoes, their eruptions, and geological features. This quiz covers essential concepts related to volcanology and tectonic movements, featuring questions on lava types, beneficial effects of volcanic activity, and Earth's layers. Perfect for geology students or enthusiasts!

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