74 Questions
What is the primary cause of an earthquake?
Movement of the Earth's tectonic plates
What natural event can be triggered if an earthquake occurs on the ocean floor?
Tsunami
What is liquefaction in the context of an earthquake?
Movement and liquid-like behavior of wet soil due to shaking
Which of the following can be a direct result of ground shaking during an earthquake?
Landslides
What can happen due to ruptures in the ground during an earthquake?
Damage to buildings
How are houses affected during an earthquake?
They can be knocked off their foundations
Which factor can hinder firefighters' access to fires following an earthquake?
Collapsed or blocked roads
What type of damage can occur to roads and bridges during an earthquake?
They can be damaged or collapse
Which natural event might follow an earthquake due to exposed electrical wires?
Fires
What is one potential consequence of a gas line rupture during an earthquake?
Fire outbreak
What is the primary reason why tephra is considered extremely dangerous?
It negatively impacts respiratory health due to its ash content
What is the best preventative measure against lahars?
Evacuating people
What type of stress is illustrated by stretching a rock apart?
Tensional stress
Which stress phase is reversible in rocks?
Elastic deformation
What type of rock will flow in response to stress without breaking?
Ductile rock
Which geological feature is caused by the application of compressive stress to rock layers?
Folds
What is the main reason behind the formation of domes and basins when two anticlines or synclines connect?
Connecting folds
What type of volcanic flow is characterized by a high percentage of gases and low rock fragments?
Pyroclastic surge
How do pyroclastic flows differ from lava flows in terms of their composition?
Lava flows contain a higher proportion of solid debris than gases.
What volcanic landform results from thick, gelatin-like lava that forms a mound of rock on top of the volcano?
Lava dome
In what way do pyroclastic surges differ from pyroclastic flows?
Pyroclastic surges have a higher proportion of gas than rock.
What geological feature is formed when a volcanic eruption empties the magma chamber leading to an implosion?
Caldera
Which volcanic hazard is most likely to cause suffocation due to the presence of highly heated toxic gases?
Pyroclastic surge
What is the primary reason why pyroclastic flows are more deadly than lava flows?
Pyroclastic flows contain more gases than rocks.
What causes the formation of a volcanic pipe?
Gas and magma buildup under Earth's crust
What is the term for the large rock fragments ejected from a volcano?
Tephra
Where are about 75% of the world's volcanoes located?
Along the Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean
What is the study of volcanoes and their eruptions called?
Volcanology
What type of lavas are more explosive during volcanic eruptions?
Viscous lavas
Which gas emitted during volcanic eruptions contributes to global warming?
Carbon dioxide
What are pyroclastic flows composed of?
Ash, rock fragments, and gases
In volcanology, what is the term used for the area that includes a vent in the surface of a planet allowing volcanic material through?
Volcano
Which type of volcano tends to be the least explosive?
Lava Dome
What can sulfur dioxide aerosols contribute to during a volcanic eruption?
Acid rain and global cooling
What is the most common gas emitted during a volcanic eruption?
Water vapor
What can pyroclastic flows consist of besides rock fragments and ash?
Tephra
What is the end member of pyroclastic flows that reflects sun rays away from the earth?
Nuees Ardentes
What geological feature is formed when a volcanic eruption completely empties the magma chamber?
Caldera
Which type of volcanic flow has the highest proportion of gases and moves very quickly?
Pyroclastic surge
How are pyroclastic surges different from pyroclastic flows?
Flows contain more toxic gases
What is the primary reason for the destructive nature of pyroclastic flows?
Presence of toxic gases
Which volcanic landform results from thick, gelatin-like lava that forms a mound on top of the volcano?
Lava dome
What type of eruption can occur without the formation of a volcanic pipe or vent?
Fissure eruption
Which natural event can be triggered by an earthquake occurring on the ocean floor?
Tsunami
What causes the formation of a volcanic pipe?
Pressure in the magma chamber
What is one potential consequence of a gas line rupture during an earthquake?
Explosive volcanic eruption
What is the main difference between magma and lava?
Magma is below the crust, while lava is above the crust.
Why do composite cones tend to be more explosive compared to lava domes?
Composite cones contain more gases than lava domes.
How do pyroclastic flows differ from lava flows?
Pyroclastic flows are associated with explosive eruptions while lava flows are not.
What type of lavas are more explosive during volcanic eruptions?
Viscous lavas
What is the primary role of carbon dioxide emitted during volcanic eruptions?
Trapping heat and contributing to global warming
What is the main danger associated with sulfur dioxide aerosols released during volcanic eruptions?
Contributing to acid rain
What is the primary reason behind the rapid movement of pyroclastic flows?
Inclusion of toxic gases
Why can water vapor emitted during volcanic eruptions have both positive and negative impacts on the environment?
It adds moisture to the water cycle but can contribute to warming the surface.
What is the main reason behind the formation of different shapes in volcanoes?
Variation in the type of eruption
What can result from the shaking of the ground during an earthquake?
Landslides
How can an earthquake occurring on the ocean floor affect coastal areas?
It causes a tsunami
What type of event can be generated if an earthquake causes ruptures in the ground?
Tsunami
Which natural disaster can be stimulated by liquefaction during an earthquake?
Mudslide
What is a potential consequence of houses being knocked off their foundations during an earthquake?
Reduced structural integrity
Which feature can be damaged or collapsed by the shaking during an earthquake?
Bridges
What risk arises from power and gas lines rupturing during an earthquake?
Risk of utility outages
Why might firefighters face challenges reaching fires after an earthquake?
Blocked or collapsed roads
What natural phenomenon can be triggered if an earthquake occurs on the ocean floor?
Tsunami
How can ground shaking during an earthquake result in landslides?
By loosening soil
What geological feature is formed when a volcanic eruption empties the magma chamber leading to an implosion?
Caldera
Which type of stress is illustrated by stretching a rock apart?
Tensional stress
What is the primary reason why pyroclastic flows are more deadly than lava flows?
High velocity and extremely high temperatures
What is the main reason behind the formation of domes and basins when two anticlines or synclines connect?
Plunging hinge line
Which natural event might follow an earthquake due to exposed electrical wires?
Fire outbreak
What can happen due to ruptures in the ground during an earthquake?
Surface displacement and ground shaking
What can sulfur dioxide aerosols contribute to during a volcanic eruption?
Acid rain
What is the primary cause of an earthquake?
Tectonic plate movement
What can pyroclastic flows consist of besides rock fragments and ash?
Volcanic gases
Learn about different types of volcanic pyroclastic flows, including nuee ardente, pumice flow, and pyroclastic surges. Understand the characteristics and dangers associated with each type of flow.
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