Vocal Tract Functions and Skeletal Support
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Questions and Answers

At what age do incisors typically erupt?

  • 1.5 years
  • 6 months (correct)
  • 1 year
  • 10 years

    • Humans have 20 permanent teeth.

    False

    What is the biological function of teeth?

    chewing/mastication

    The ___ teeth are the first set of molars to appear in primary teeth.

    <p>primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of teeth with their eruption age:

    <p>Incisors = Around 6 months old Canines = Around 1.5 years old Premolars = Around 10-11 years old Molars = Around 1 year old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is articulation in the context of speech production?

    <p>The act of moving various parts of the mouth and throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vocal tract in adults is shaped like a regular letter F.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distance between the lips and vocal folds in males?

    <p>17 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The highest part of the nasal cavity contains the __________.

    <p>superior conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an articulator?

    <p>Nasal passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each part of the vocal tract to its function:

    <p>Oral Cavity = Contains the tongue and hard palate Nasal Cavity = Cleans and moistens incoming air Pharyngeal Cavity = Conducts air to the larynx Velum = Closes off the nasal cavity during speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combined task of producing speech and initiating eating requires coordination of hundreds of neural signals and muscle contractions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distance from the lips to the vocal folds in females is __________.

    <p>12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function do the jaw closers serve during chewing?

    <p>Close the mouth to break down food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharyngeal phase of swallowing involves the airway remaining open.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time duration for the bolus propulsion during swallowing?

    <p>1-1.5 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ triggers the swallowing reflex when the bolus reaches the appropriate area in the pharynx.

    <p>pharyngeal swallow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscles with their functions in chewing:

    <p>Masseter = Jaw closer Lateral pterygoid = Jaw opener Buccinator = Prevents food from entering sulci Mylohyoid = Jaw opener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to respiration during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

    <p>Respiration stops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A delayed swallow can be considered an abnormal swallow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the esophageal transit time for food to move from the UES to the stomach?

    <p>8-20 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class represents an abnormal angle classification?

    <p>Class III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The orbicularis oris is primarily responsible for elevating the upper lip.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

    <p>CN VII (facial nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is primarily responsible for the downward movement of the lower lip.

    <p>depressor labii inferiorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle helps to tenses the skin of the lower face?

    <p>Platysma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The masseter muscle is involved in closing the jaw.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is described as the primary mover of the tongue?

    <p>Genioglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is responsible for elevating the soft palate during swallowing.

    <p>levator veli palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscles to their functions:

    <p>Masseter = Elevates the mandible Temporalis = Retracts the jaw Hyoglossus = Depresses the sides of the tongue Tensor Veli Palatini = Tenses the soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is the platysma NOT responsible for?

    <p>Elevates the upper lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatopharyngeus muscle elevates the larynx.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one main function of the tongue during swallowing.

    <p>Manipulation of food to form a bolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ refers to food that moves backward in the swallowing system.

    <p>Backflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the superior constrictor muscle?

    <p>Narrows the upper pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The buccinator muscle helps pull the lips laterally.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vocal Tract and Functions

    • Articulation: Moving parts of the vocal tract to make different sounds.
    • Resonance: How air from the lungs interacts with vocal tract cavities (oral, throat, nose).
    • Vocal Tract: Shaped like a backwards "F" in adults. Distance from lips to vocal folds is 17 cm in males, 12 cm in females.
    • Oral Cavity: Contains lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (velum), tongue, and jaw.
    • Nasal Cavity: Contains nose, nasal passages (superior, middle, and inferior conchae and meatuses). Function: smelling, air cleaning and moistening.
    • Pharyngeal Cavity: From skull base to cricoid cartilage, divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
    • Velopharyngeal Port: Divides nasopharynx and oropharynx (at base of tongue and epiglottis), and oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

    Skeletal Support (Review) and Teeth

    • Facial Bones: (Review)
    • Teeth: Evolved for chewing (biological) and speech (non-biological).
    • Primary Teeth (Deciduous): 20 teeth (erupt ~6 months, replaced by permanent ~6 - 8 years).
    • Permanent Teeth: 32 teeth (permanently installed in jaw)
    • Incisors: Erupt ~6 months, replace around 6-8 years
    • Canines: Erupt ~1.5 years, replace around 9-12 years
    • Premolars: Only in permanent teeth, Erupt 10-11
    • Molars: 8 in primary teeth, 12 in permanent. First primary molars appear around one year old and replaced by permanent around 6 years old. Second set come in between 11-13. Third molars (wisdom teeth) erupt in early adulthood (or not at all.)
    • Occlusion: Edward H. Angle classification (Class I-relatively normal, Class II - abnormal, Class III - abnormal.)

    Important Muscles of the Face

    • Orbicularis Oris: Oral "sphincter". Origin: Maxilla, mandible, deep skin layers. Insertion: Lip mucosa. Function: Puckering, tight closure of lips. Innervation: CN VII (Facial Nerve)
    • Buccinator: Origin: Mandible, maxilla. Insertion: Angle of the mouth. Function: Lip lateral pull, cheek tensioning/pressing against teeth. Innervation: CN VII.
    • Levator Labii Superioris: Origin: Frontal process of maxilla, infraorbital region, zygomatic bone. Insertion: Skin of upper lip, side of nose cartilage. Function: Elevates upper lip ,raises mouth angle. Innervation: CN VII.
    • Zygomaticus Major: Origin: Zygomatic bone. Insertion: Angle of the mouth. Function: Draws mouth angle up and laterally (smiling). Innervation: CN VII.
    • Depressor Labii Inferiorus: Origin: Mandible. Insertion: Lower lip. Function: Pulls lip down and laterally (frowning). Innervation: CN VII.
    • Platysma: Broad neck muscle. Origin: Neck fascia, shoulder, chest. Insertion: Mandible, cheek skin, mouth angle, orbicularis oris. Function: Tenses lower face skin, pulls mouth corner down, helps mandible depression. Innervation: CN VII.
    • Lips as Articulators: Mobile; orbicularis oris is the primary muscle. Crucial role in lip rounding/protrusion (vowels /u/, consonant /w/) and lip closure (bilabial, labiodental consonants).

    Muscles of the Jaw

    • Masseter: Origin: zygomatic arch. Insertion: mandible angle and lateral side. Function: Elevates mandible (closes jaw), protrudes jaw. Main chewing muscle. Innervation: CN V (Trigeminal Nerve).
    • Temporalis: Origin: temporal bone, Insertion: top of mandible ramus. Function: Elevates mandible (closes jaw), retracts jaw. Main chewing muscle. Innervation: CN V.
    • Medial Pterygoid: Origin: Pterygoid plate (sphenoid), maxilla. Insertion: Mandible ramus and angle (inside). Function: Elevates mandible (closes jaw), protrudes mandible. Innervation: CN V.
    • Lateral Pterygoid: Origin: Greater wing of sphenoid, lateral pterygoid plate. Insertion: Mandible condyle, temporomandibular joint. Function: Depresses mandible (opens jaw), protrudes mandible, moves mandible laterally. Innervation: CN V.
    • Other Jaw Muscles: Anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid. Function: Depress jaw (open). Geniohyoid also shortens mouth floor. Innervation: Anterior digastric and mylohyoid - CN V, Geniohyoid - C1/cervical nerve/plexus.
    • Jaw as Articulator: Jaw moves, changing oral cavity size; positions lips/tongue; fine jaw movement associated with speech.

    Muscles of the Soft Palate and Velopharynx

    • Tensor Veli Palatini: Origin: Sphenoid bone, Eustachian tube. Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis. Function: Tenses soft palate, dilates Eustachian tube. Innervation: CN V (Trigeminal N.)
    • Levator Veli Palatini: Origin:Temporal bone, Eustachian tube. Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis. Function: Elevates soft palate. Innervation: CN X (Vagus nerve) and CN XI (Accessory Nerve) (Pharyngeal Plexus).
    • Musculus Uvulae: Origin: Posterior nasal spine. Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis, uvula mucosa. Function: Shortens/elevates uvula, complete velopharyngeal closure. Innervation: CN X and CN XI (Pharyngeal Plexus).
    • Palatoglossus: Forms anterior faucial arch/pillars, Depresses palate sides. Innervation: CN X and CN XI (Pharyngeal Plexus).
    • Palatopharyngeus: Forms posterior faucial arch/pillars. Depresses/tenses soft palate, narrows pharynx. Innervation: CN X and CN XI (Pharyngeal Plexus).
    • Soft Palate as Articulator: Mobile; crucial for speech and resonance. Velar consonant sounds (/k/, /g/); VP closed for oral sounds, open for nasal sounds. Normal VP closures: coronal, sagittal, circumferential/circular.

    Tongue - Intrinsic Muscles

    • Tongue: Crucial for speech and swallowing. Landmarks: Superior surface (median sulcus, septum), Inferior surface (lingual frenulum, salivary gland ducts). Divisions: tip, blade, dorsum, root. Muscular hydrostat.
    • Intrinsic Muscles: Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical; adjust tongue shape/position.
    • Superior Longitudinal: Elevates tongue tip, retracts (with inferior longitudinal). Innervation: CN XII.
    • Inferior Longitudinal: Pulls tongue tip down, retracts (with superior longitudinal). Innervation: CN XII.
    • Transverse Lingual: Narrows tongue. Innervation: CN XII.
    • Vertical Lingual: Flattens/broadens tongue. Innervation: CN XII.

    Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

    • Extrinsic Muscles: Connect tongue to surrounding structures (change tongue position).
    • Genioglossus: Primary tongue mover. Origin: Mandible midline. Insertion: Tongue tip/dorsum, hyoid bone. Function: Protrudes (anterior fibers), retracts (posterior fibers), cupping. Innervation: CN XII.
    • Hyoglossus: Origin: Hyoid bone. Insertion: Tongue sides (posterior). Function: Depresses tongue sides. Innervation: CN XII.
    • Palatoglossus: Forms anterior faucial pillar. Origin: Soft palate. Insertion: Tongue sides. Function: Elevates tongue posterior sides. Innervation: CN X and CN XI (Pharyngeal Plexus).
    • Styloglossus: Origin: Styloid process. Insertion: Tongue sides. Function: Retracts/pulls tongue superiorly. Innervation: CN XII.
    • Tongue as Articulator: Most important articulator; both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles needed for speech.

    Muscles of the Pharynx

    • Superior, Middle, and Inferior Constrictor Muscles: Narrow pharynx (superior - nasopharynx, middle - oropharynx, inferior - laryngopharynx). Innervation: CN X and CN XI (Pharyngeal Plexus).
    • Stylopharyngeus: Origin: Styloid process. Insertion: Thyroid cartilage, lateral pharyngeal walls. Function: Elevates pharynx, widens pharynx, elevates larynx. Innervation: CN IX.
    • Pharynx as Articulator: Changes in pharynx diameter/length affect vocal tract resonance.

    Swallowing Anatomy and Physiology

    • (Review) Swallowing phases (oral, pharyngeal, esophageal) -Bolus -Penetration -Aspiration -Residue -Backflow

    • Oral Preliminary Phase -Sensory awareness -Manipulation (solids/liquids)

    • Jaw closer/opener muscle actions

    • Oral Transport Phase -Initiates at tongue movement -Tongue tip elevation

    • Pharyngeal Stage -Triggering (between anterior faucial pillars/tongue base) -Events: Velopharyngeal closure, hyoid/larynx movement, airway closure, UES opening, tongue/pharyngeal wall movement.

    • Esophageal Phase -ESophagus Anatomy -Sphincters (UES, LES) -Peristalsis into stomach(8-20 Seconds)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the vocal tract and the skeletal structure that supports it. This quiz covers articulation, resonance, and the roles of different cavities and teeth in phonation and mastication. Understand the unique features of the human vocal system along with the facial bones involved.

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