Vocabulary: Word Formation and Classes

Vocabulary

• Word Formation:
  • Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning (e.g., un-, re-, de-)
  • Suffixes: added to the end of a word to change its meaning (e.g., -ly, -ful, -less)
  • Compounding: combining two words to create a new word (e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush)
• Word Classes:
  • Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., John, London, happiness)
  • Verbs: action or state of being (e.g., run, be, have)
  • Adjectives: describe nouns or pronouns (e.g., big, happy, blue)
  • Adverbs: describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well)
  • Pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence (e.g., he, she, it, they)
  • Prepositions: show relationships between words (e.g., in, on, at, with)
  • Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or, so)
  • Interjections: express emotion or feeling (e.g., oh, wow, ouch)
• Idiomatic Expressions:
  • Phrasal verbs: idiomatic expressions using verbs and prepositions (e.g., pick up, get on, turn off)
  • Idioms: fixed expressions with a specific meaning (e.g., "break a leg," "cost an arm and a leg")

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:
  • Clause: a group of words containing a subject and predicate (e.g., I went to the store)
  • Phrase: a group of words without a subject and predicate (e.g., in the store)
  • Sentence: a complete thought or statement (e.g., I went to the store, and I bought some milk)
• Tense and Aspect:
  • Present tense: describes an action happening now (e.g., I am writing)
  • Past tense: describes an action that happened in the past (e.g., I wrote)
  • Future tense: describes an action that will happen in the future (e.g., I will write)
  • Aspect: describes the duration or completion of an action (e.g., I am writing, I have written)
• Clause Structure:
  • Independent clause: a complete sentence (e.g., I went to the store)
  • Dependent clause: a clause that cannot stand alone (e.g., because I needed milk)
  • Relative clause: a clause that describes a noun (e.g., which is on the corner)
  • Subordinate clause: a clause that cannot stand alone and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because I was tired)

Word Formation

• Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning, e.g., un-, re-, de-
• Suffixes are added to the end of a word to change its meaning, e.g., -ly, -ful, -less
• Compounding involves combining two words to create a new word, e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush

Word Classes

• Nouns are words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea, e.g., John, London, happiness
• Verbs are words that express action or a state of being, e.g., run, be, have
• Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns, e.g., big, happy, blue
• Adverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., quickly, very, well
• Pronouns are words that replace nouns in a sentence, e.g., he, she, it, they
• Prepositions are words that show relationships between words, e.g., in, on, at, with
• Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses, e.g., and, but, or, so
• Interjections are words that express emotion or feeling, e.g., oh, wow, ouch

Idiomatic Expressions

• Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions using verbs and prepositions, e.g., pick up, get on, turn off
• Idioms are fixed expressions with a specific meaning, e.g., "break a leg," "cost an arm and a leg"

Grammar

Parts of Speech

• A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate, e.g., I went to the store
• A phrase is a group of words without a subject and predicate, e.g., in the store
• A sentence is a complete thought or statement, e.g., I went to the store, and I bought some milk

Tense and Aspect

• Present tense describes an action happening now, e.g., I am writing
• Past tense describes an action that happened in the past, e.g., I wrote
• Future tense describes an action that will happen in the future, e.g., I will write
• Aspect describes the duration or completion of an action, e.g., I am writing, I have written

Clause Structure

• An independent clause is a complete sentence, e.g., I went to the store
• A dependent clause is a clause that cannot stand alone, e.g., because I needed milk
• A relative clause is a clause that describes a noun, e.g., which is on the corner
• A subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand alone and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction, e.g., because I was tired