Vocabulary: Word Formation and Classes

Study Notes

Word Formation:
- Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning (e.g., un-, re-, de-)
- Suffixes: added to the end of a word to change its meaning (e.g., -ly, -ful, -less)
- Compounding: combining two words to create a new word (e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush)
Word Classes:
- Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., John, London, happiness)
- Verbs: action or state of being (e.g., run, be, have)
- Adjectives: describe nouns or pronouns (e.g., big, happy, blue)
- Adverbs: describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well)
- Pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence (e.g., he, she, it, they)
- Prepositions: show relationships between words (e.g., in, on, at, with)
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or, so)
- Interjections: express emotion or feeling (e.g., oh, wow, ouch)
Idiomatic Expressions:
- Phrasal verbs: idiomatic expressions using verbs and prepositions (e.g., pick up, get on, turn off)
- Idioms: fixed expressions with a specific meaning (e.g., "break a leg," "cost an arm and a leg")

Parts of Speech:
- Clause: a group of words containing a subject and predicate (e.g., I went to the store)
- Phrase: a group of words without a subject and predicate (e.g., in the store)
- Sentence: a complete thought or statement (e.g., I went to the store, and I bought some milk)
Tense and Aspect:
- Present tense: describes an action happening now (e.g., I am writing)
- Past tense: describes an action that happened in the past (e.g., I wrote)
- Future tense: describes an action that will happen in the future (e.g., I will write)
- Aspect: describes the duration or completion of an action (e.g., I am writing, I have written)
Clause Structure:
- Independent clause: a complete sentence (e.g., I went to the store)
- Dependent clause: a clause that cannot stand alone (e.g., because I needed milk)
- Relative clause: a clause that describes a noun (e.g., which is on the corner)
- Subordinate clause: a clause that cannot stand alone and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction (e.g., because I was tired)

Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning, e.g., un-, re-, de-
Suffixes are added to the end of a word to change its meaning, e.g., -ly, -ful, -less
Compounding involves combining two words to create a new word, e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush

Nouns are words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea, e.g., John, London, happiness
Verbs are words that express action or a state of being, e.g., run, be, have
Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns, e.g., big, happy, blue
Adverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., quickly, very, well
Pronouns are words that replace nouns in a sentence, e.g., he, she, it, they
Prepositions are words that show relationships between words, e.g., in, on, at, with
Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses, e.g., and, but, or, so
Interjections are words that express emotion or feeling, e.g., oh, wow, ouch

Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions using verbs and prepositions, e.g., pick up, get on, turn off
Idioms are fixed expressions with a specific meaning, e.g., "break a leg," "cost an arm and a leg"

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate, e.g., I went to the store
A phrase is a group of words without a subject and predicate, e.g., in the store
A sentence is a complete thought or statement, e.g., I went to the store, and I bought some milk

Present tense describes an action happening now, e.g., I am writing
Past tense describes an action that happened in the past, e.g., I wrote
Future tense describes an action that will happen in the future, e.g., I will write
Aspect describes the duration or completion of an action, e.g., I am writing, I have written

An independent clause is a complete sentence, e.g., I went to the store
A dependent clause is a clause that cannot stand alone, e.g., because I needed milk
A relative clause is a clause that describes a noun, e.g., which is on the corner
A subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand alone and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction, e.g., because I was tired