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Questions and Answers
What is a heuristic?
What is a heuristic?
Which term describes the tendency to ignore evidence that contradicts one's beliefs?
Which term describes the tendency to ignore evidence that contradicts one's beliefs?
What distinguishes insight from other problem-solving strategies?
What distinguishes insight from other problem-solving strategies?
How can the framing of a situation affect decision-making?
How can the framing of a situation affect decision-making?
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What is the primary characteristic of intuition in decision-making?
What is the primary characteristic of intuition in decision-making?
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Which statement best describes the concept of prototypes?
Which statement best describes the concept of prototypes?
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What cognitive bias involves overestimating the accuracy of one's beliefs?
What cognitive bias involves overestimating the accuracy of one's beliefs?
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Which component is NOT part of creativity as defined in psychology?
Which component is NOT part of creativity as defined in psychology?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology - Lesson 7: Thinking & Language
- Cognition encompasses mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.
- Thinking is a mental process using information, knowledge, and experiences to make decisions, solve problems, and generate ideas.
- Concepts are mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
- Prototypes serve as mental images or the best examples within a category.
- Problem-solving strategies include algorithms (methodical procedures guaranteeing a solution) and heuristics (simplified thinking strategies).
- Insight involves a sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasting with strategy-based solutions.
- Confirmation bias involves seeking and interpreting information confirming existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
- Forming good or bad decisions and judgments depends on factors like intuition (effortless feeling or thought), availability heuristic (estimating likelihood based on readily available examples/memories), overconfidence (overestimating the accuracy of beliefs/judgments), belief perseverance (clinging to initial beliefs despite contradictory evidence), and framing (the way an issue is presented—e.g., emphasizing risk vs. benefit has a significant impact on decisions).
- Framing examples often demonstrate how "10% mortality" versus "90% survival" significantly alters risk perception.
- Creativity is defined as producing novel and valuable ideas, composed of five elements: expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment.
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