Untitled Quiz
64 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are the two types of cellular reproduction?

Asexual and sexual reproduction

How many chromosomes do somatic cells have?

  • 23
  • 46 (correct)
  • 69
  • 92

    • What is the name given to a pair of chromosomes with the same size and genes?

  • Homologous chromosomes (correct)
  • Sister chromatids
  • Centromere
  • Tetrad

    • What process occurs during prophase I of meiosis that leads to genetic variation?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four key sources of genetic variation?

    <p>Independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization, and mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nondisjunction?

    <p>The incorrect separation of chromosomes during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A duplication is a type of chromosomal alteration where a segment is lost.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two versions of a gene called?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an organism that has two copies of the same allele?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two laws of inheritance that Mendel is credited with?

    <p>The law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dominance occurs when both alleles are expressed, but each to a lesser degree?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition occurs when one gene affects multiple traits?

    <p>Pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genetic code is the same for all living things.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three steps of transcription?

    <p>Initiation, elongation, and termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription take place?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 5' end of the growing RNA molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a spliceosome?

    <p>A spliceosome removes introns and joins exons from a pre-mRNA molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that converts mRNA into a protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation?

    <p>tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a growing polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three sites on a ribosome where tRNA molecules bind?

    <p>A site, P site, E site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The termination of translation occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon on the mRNA.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four major elements of life?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond results from the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds can only form between polar molecules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed by the complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nucleus?

    <p>Storage of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cytosol is part of the cytoplasm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main processes that link monomers together to form polymers?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is a polysaccharide that is digestible to humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of lipids?

    <p>Glycerides, steroids, and phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four primary levels of protein structure?

    <p>Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mutations can be temporary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of membrane transport?

    <p>Passive transport and active transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport uses energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a plant cell that is swollen due to the uptake of water?

    <p>Turgid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volume increases faster than surface area as a cell grows.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules can easily diffuse across the cell membrane without the assistance of proteins?

    <p>Small nonpolar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sodium-potassium pump is a passive transport mechanism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of metabolic pathways?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of metabolic pathway breaks down complex molecules and releases energy?

    <p>Catabolic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction requires energy input and builds complex molecules?

    <p>Endergonic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do enzymes do?

    <p>They decrease activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reaction that happens with an enzyme can happen without the enzyme, but it might take much longer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bulk transport moves substances, such as waste products, out of the cell?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    <p>$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 → 6CO_2 + 6H_2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main stages of cellular respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that generates ATP using the energy from the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

    <p>$6CO_2 + 12H_2O + LIGHT → C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 + 6H_2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of process is photosynthesis?

    <p>Anabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In photosynthesis, water is reduced, and carbon dioxide is oxidized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

    <p>The light reactions and the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ETC in photosynthesis uses energy from the electron transport chain to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>RuBisCo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that occurs when oxygen is incorrectly used as a substrate by RuBisCo in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Photorespiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Final Review

    • This PowerPoint presentation summarizes major concepts for the final exam.
    • It should be used as a reference, but not the sole source of study.

    Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

    • Asexual reproduction results in a daughter cell identical to the parent (clone).
    • Sexual reproduction involves two parents, creating a genetically unique daughter cell.

    Gametes vs Somatic Cells (in Humans)

    • Somatic cells are normal body cells, containing 46 chromosomes (2n).
    • Gametes are reproductive cells, containing 23 chromosomes (n).

    Karyotype

    • A karyotype displays 23 pairs of chromosomes (total of 46).
    • Pairs 1-22 are autosomes, and pair 23 is sex-linked.
    • A tetrad is a pair of homologous chromosomes consisting of four sister chromatids.
    • Homologous chromosomes have the same size and genes (loci).
    • Sister chromatids are identical, while homologous chromosomes are parallel.

    Meiosis I

    • Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair, undergo crossing over, and form chiasmata.
    • Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, exhibiting independent assortment.
    • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
    • Telophase I and cytokinesis I: Two haploid daughter cells are formed, each with sister chromatids in each chromosome.

    Meiosis II

    • Prophase II: Spindles form and attach.
    • Metaphase II: Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Chromatids are not identical due to crossing over.
    • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
    • Telophase II and Cytokinesis II: Four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells are created.

    Mitosis vs Meiosis Summary

    • Mitosis occurs in diploid and haploid cells, results in two genetically identical diploid cells, and has one division.
    • Meiosis occurs in diploid cells, creates four genetically distinct haploid cells, and has two divisions.

    Genetic Variation

    • Independent assortment: Homologous pairs assort independently during metaphase I, resulting in random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in daughter cells.
    • Crossing over: Non-sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA during prophase I, creating recombinant chromosomes.
    • Random fertilization: Any sperm can fuse with any ovum with equal probability, creating unique combinations of alleles.

    Nondisjunction

    • Nondisjunction is the error in chromosome separation during meiosis I or II.
    • It can lead to aneuploidy, where a gamete has either an extra (trisomy) or missing (monosomy) chromosome.

    Chromosome Alterations

    • Deletion: Removal of a chromosomal segment.
    • Duplication: Repetition of a chromosomal segment.
    • Inversion: Reversal of a segment within a chromosome.
    • Translocation: Movement of a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome.

    Inheritance Vocabulary

    • Alleles: Different versions of a gene.
    • Traits: Different versions of a character.
    • Homozygote: An organism with two identical alleles for a particular gene.
    • Heterozygote: An organism with two different alleles for a particular gene.

    Mendel's Laws

    • Law of segregation: Two alleles segregate during gamete formation, ending up in different gametes.
    • Law of independent assortment: Each pair of alleles separates independently of other pairs during gamete formation.

    Dominance

    • Complete dominance: The dominant allele is completely expressed if present.
    • Incomplete dominance: Both alleles are expressed, but to a lesser degree, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.
    • Codominance: Both alleles are completely expressed, resulting in both phenotypes being observed.

    Other Concepts

    • Pleiotropy: A single gene affecting multiple traits.
    • Polygenic inheritance: Multiple genes affecting a single trait.
    • Epistasis: Multiple genes affecting each other's expression.
    • Sex-linked inheritance: Genes located on sex chromosomes (X and Y). Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y. A disorder on the X chromosome will be expressed more in males than females.
    • Genetic diseases: Conditions caused by genetic mutations.

    Gene Expression

    • Proteins link genotype and phenotype.
    • The genetic code is similar in all living things.
    • Genes can be transferred between different species

    Transcription

    • Transcription unit: DNA segment copied to RNA.
    • RNA polymerase: Enzyme copying DNA to pre-mRNA.
    • Promoter: DNA sequence starting transcription, often includes a TATA box.
    • No primer required during transcription.
    • Template strand is 3' --> 5'
    • RNA is made 5' ---->3'

    Initiation of Transcription

    • RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, helped by transcription factors.
    • The combined complex is called the transcription initiation complex.

    Elongation of Transcription

    • RNA polymerase adds nucleotides only to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule.
    • No lagging strand during transcription.

    Termination of Transcription

    • RNA polymerase reads a termination signal on the DNA, releasing the RNA molecule.
    • RNA is processed, including a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail and splicing to remove introns.

    Translation

    • Matches amino acids to codons.
    • tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to codons on mRNA.
    • mRNA codons are determined based on DNA sequence.
    • Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches amino acids to tRNA.

    Translation in the Ribosome

    • rRNA makes up the ribosomal subunits.
    • Initiation: Small subunit binds to mRNA, searching for start codon. tRNA with methionine (Met) binds to the start codon. Large subunit joins, creating the translation initiation complex.
    • Elongation: tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome according to mRNA codons, building the growing polypeptide chain.
    • Termination: Stop codon on mRNA signals termination. A release factor binds, causing the polypeptide chain to release.

    Water Properties

    • High specific heat: Water resists changes in temperature.
    • Ice insulates: Solid water is less dense than liquid water.
    • Cohesion and adhesion: Water molecules stick together and to other surfaces.
    • Surface tension: Water's resistance to external force.

    Isomers

    • Structural isomers: Different bonding arrangements of the same atoms.
    • Cis-trans isomers: Different spatial arrangements of atoms around a double bond.
    • Enantiomers: Non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

    Cell Structures

    • Nucleus: Holds DNA, center of cell, contains nucleolus and nuclear pores.
    • Cytosol/Cytoplasm: Cytosol is the liquid. Cytoplasm includes the cytosol and all organelles.

    Monomer/Polymer Relationships

    • Dehydration synthesis: Joining monomers to form polymers.
    • Hydrolysis: Breaking polymers down into monomers.

    Carbohydrates

    • Monomer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose).
    • Polymer: Polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin) - cellulose is not digestible to humans.

    Lipids

    • Non-polar
    • No monomers
    • Three types: Glycerides, steroids, phospholipids.
    • Saturated fats (solid at room temperature) versus unsaturated fats (liquid at room temperature)

    Proteins

    • Monomer: Amino acids.
    • Polymer: Polypeptide chains.
    • Four levels of protein structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar + phosphate + base).
    • Polymers: DNA and RNA, both held together by covalent bonds; DNA is a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds.

    Organelles

    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
    • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
    • Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for waste breakdown and cell apoptosis.

    Mutations

    • Substitution mutation: A single base change.
    • Nonsense mutation: A change that creates a stop codon.
    • Missense mutation: A change that results in a different amino acid.
    • Frameshift mutation: Deletion or insertion of a base pair, changing the reading frame of the gene.
    • Temporary mutations: Can be fixed quickly

    Membrane Transport

    • Passive transport: Facilitated and simple diffusion.
    • Active transport: Pumps, cotransporters.

    Osmosis

    • The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
    • Hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions and their effect on plant cells (turgid, flaccid, plasmolyzed).

    Surface Area to Volume Ratio

    • Cells divide to maintain a suitable surface area to volume ratio for efficient exchange of materials with the environment.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    BIO 1305 Final Review Powerpoint PDF

    More Like This

    Untitled Quiz
    6 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    AdoredHealing avatar
    AdoredHealing
    Untitled Quiz
    37 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    WellReceivedSquirrel7948 avatar
    WellReceivedSquirrel7948
    Untitled Quiz
    55 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    StatuesquePrimrose avatar
    StatuesquePrimrose
    Untitled Quiz
    48 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    StraightforwardStatueOfLiberty avatar
    StraightforwardStatueOfLiberty
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser