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Questions and Answers
What are vitamins?
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that perform specific biological functions.
Which of the following vitamins can be produced by microorganisms? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following vitamins can be produced by microorganisms? (Select all that apply)
- Thiamine (correct)
- Riboflavin (correct)
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B12 (correct)
- Ascorbic Acid (correct)
Vitamin B12 can be synthesized by higher organisms.
Vitamin B12 can be synthesized by higher organisms.
False (B)
What is the most commonly used carbon source for vitamin B12 production?
What is the most commonly used carbon source for vitamin B12 production?
Which microorganism is commonly used for vitamin B12 production? (Select all that apply)
Which microorganism is commonly used for vitamin B12 production? (Select all that apply)
What temperature is typically used for fermentation in the production of vitamin B12?
What temperature is typically used for fermentation in the production of vitamin B12?
What is the initial pH level adjusted to for good yield in riboflavin production?
What is the initial pH level adjusted to for good yield in riboflavin production?
Which microorganisms are commonly used for riboflavin production? (Select all that apply)
Which microorganisms are commonly used for riboflavin production? (Select all that apply)
How long is the fermentation process usually conducted for riboflavin production?
How long is the fermentation process usually conducted for riboflavin production?
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Study Notes
Vitamin Production
- Vitamins are organic compounds required for normal growth and maintenance in higher organisms, but can't be synthesized by them.
- Microorganisms are used to commercially produce many vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B12.
- Vitamin B12 Production
- Propionibacterium freudenreichii, P.shermanii, and their mutants are commonly used.
- Glucose is the most common carbon source, while other sources like alcohols and hydrocarbons can also be used.
- Two phases are involved:
- Anaerobic phase: 5′-deoxyadenosylcobinamide is produced.
- Aerobic phase: 5, 6-dimethyl-Benzimidazole is produced, which forms the coenzyme vitamin B12.
- The process is carried out using beet molasses medium supplemented with cobalt chloride in a submerged bacterial fermentation.
- Pseudomonas denitrificans is another microorganism used for large-scale vitamin B12 production.
Riboflavin Production
- There are three processes used for large-scale production of riboflavin.
- Clostridium acetoÂbutylicum and Clostridium butylicum are used in acetone-butanol fermentation, where riboflavin is a byproduct.
- Commercial production is usually done by direct fermentation using ascomycetes, particularly Ashbya gossypii and Eremothecium ashbyii.
- A.gossypii is preferred due to its high riboflavin production capacity.
- Saccharomyces sp can produce a pure grade of riboflavin using acetate as the sole carbon source.
- Other carbon sources include:
- Glucose
- Corn steep liquor
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Methanol
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons
- n-hexadecane
- Riboflavin is found in the fermentation broth and bound to cells.
- Cell-bound riboflavin is released by heat treatment at 120°C for about 1 hour.
- Cells are filtered or centrifuged to discard them.
- The filtrate is further processed to separate and purify riboflavin.
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