L8 Water Soluble Vitamins
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Questions and Answers

What is a common neurological manifestation associated with thiamine deficiency?

  • Hearing impairment
  • Loss of coordination (correct)
  • Memory enhancement
  • Visual disturbances

Which type of beriberi is characterized by high-output cardiac failure?

  • Wet beriberi (correct)
  • Dry beriberi
  • Chronic beriberi
  • Psychotic beriberi

Which vitamin deficiency leads to the syndrome known as Pellagra?

  • Vitamin B1
  • Vitamin B2
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin B3 (correct)

What biochemical role does riboflavin (B2) play in the body?

<p>Precursor for FAD and FMN (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is primarily associated with severe niacin deficiency?

<p>Skin inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for thiamine deficiency?

<p>Thiamine injections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

<p>Mental derangement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health effect of pharmacological doses of niacin?

<p>Reduction in LDL levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity?

<p>Flushing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of pantothenic acid (B5) in the body?

<p>Building block of CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is dependent on pyridoxine (vitamin B6) for its function?

<p>Dopa decarboxylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome can result from a deficiency of vitamin B6?

<p>Sideroblastic anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with biotin deficiency?

<p>Flushing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of avidin found in egg whites on biotin absorption?

<p>Prevents biotin absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biotinidase deficiency usually screened for in newborns?

<p>Non-dietary biotin deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process is directly aided by biotin (B7)?

<p>Carboxylation reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical manifestation of folic acid deficiency?

<p>Hypersegmented neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does methotrexate play in folate metabolism?

<p>It acts as a folate antagonist. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a deficiency in vitamin B12 induce neurological symptoms?

<p>By disrupting phosphatidyl choline biosynthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition most commonly leads to vitamin B12 deficiency?

<p>Malabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely complication associated with hyperhomocysteinemia?

<p>Deep vein thrombosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of folic acid deficiency, which type of anemia is expected?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes trimethoprim from sulfonamides in terms of antimicrobial action?

<p>Trimethoprim inhibits bacterial folate but does not affect humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood test result would most likely indicate a deficiency in folate during pregnancy?

<p>High levels of homocysteine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which water-soluble vitamin deficiency is specifically associated with beriberi?

<p>Thiamine (B1) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disease associated with niacin deficiency?

<p>Pellagra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme requires thiamine as a coenzyme in the TCA cycle?

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological role does riboflavin primarily serve?

<p>Oxidation-reduction reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT directly linked to a deficiency of the vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

<p>Alopecia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis?

<p>Ascorbate (Vitamin C) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of the elderly female's symptoms in this case?

<p>Homocystinuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of peripheral neuropathy related to vitamin deficiencies?

<p>Cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is connected to a magenta-colored tongue and characterized by symptoms including poor growth and skin inflammation?

<p>Vitamin B2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is a classic manifestation of folate deficiency?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is primarily responsible for the prevention of microcytic anemia?

<p>Vitamin B6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan in addition to dietary sources?

<p>Niacin (B3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to a magenta-colored tongue?

<p>Riboflavin (B2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deficiency is linked to hypersegmented neutrophils and can cause megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Vitamin B9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is necessary for the reduction of iron and copper in various enzymes within the body?

<p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of symptoms is most likely due to pernicious anemia?

<p>Chronic fatigue and hyperhomocysteinemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom can indicate a deficiency in vitamin B3?

<p>Pellagra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the symptoms presented, which vitamin is less likely to be a cause of the elderly female's health issues?

<p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of vitamin C deficiency on connective tissue?

<p>Impaired hydroxylation of proline and lysine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin's deficiency is associated with symptoms such as gingival hemorrhages, bruising, and delayed wound healing?

<p>Vitamin C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key process does vitamin C support that is crucial for carnitine synthesis?

<p>Hydroxylation by oxygenases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin levels could potentially mimic the skeletal abnormalities seen in vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Vitamin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism leads to the development of scurvy symptoms?

<p>Deficient collagen hydroxylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is specifically noted for its role in the function of dopamine β-hydroxylase?

<p>Vitamin C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Increased energy levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency would a 14-month-old likely NOT present with symptoms of hemorrhages and bruising?

<p>Thiamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major side effect of increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity?

<p>Flushing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyridoxine deficiency is most likely to be observed in which population?

<p>Alcoholics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT a component of CoA?

<p>Malonyl CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with biotin deficiency?

<p>Peripheral neuropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom that distinguishes vitamin C deficiency from vitamin D deficiency in a patient?

<p>Gingival hemorrhages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency could lead to delayed collagen hydroxylation, affecting connective tissue integrity?

<p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the role of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in metabolic processes?

<p>It is a prosthetic group for various enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of isoniazid treatment on vitamin absorption?

<p>It can interfere with absorption of vitamin B6. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of vitamin deficiencies, which symptom is least likely to be associated with vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Night blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is dependent on a vitamin C-related enzyme for its synthesis in the body?

<p>Carnitine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of enzymatic reactions is biotin (B7) specifically involved with?

<p>Carboxylation reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical feature of scurvy that develops due to vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Ecchymosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition that can result from biotinidase deficiency?

<p>Nondietary biotin deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is most closely linked with the enzymatic activity of hydroxylating prolyl and lysyl residues in procollagen?

<p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency could lead to symptoms mimicking those of vitamin C deficiency in a child?

<p>Vitamin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process is primarily affected by vitamin C deficiency leading to symptoms such as bruising and delayed wound healing?

<p>Collagen synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to lead to neurological symptoms in elderly patients?

<p>Vitamin B12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with increased homocysteine levels?

<p>Homocystinuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of riboflavin (B2) deficiency?

<p>Magenta-colored tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is involved in the absorption of iron and is crucial for connective tissue maintenance?

<p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with vitamin B6 deficiency?

<p>Hypersegmented neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency is linked to cheilosis and a sore throat?

<p>Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a physiological effect of vitamin C beyond its antioxidant properties?

<p>Assists in collagen synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin's deficiency is primarily associated with delayed wound healing and easy bruising?

<p>Vitamin C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

<p>Severe dermatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of riboflavin (B2) deficiency in infants undergoing phototherapy?

<p>Impaired absorption due to phototherapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the chronic form of thiamine deficiency known as dry beriberi?

<p>Neuropathy and muscle wasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pharmacological doses of niacin primarily affect lipid levels in the body?

<p>Inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the severe niacin deficiency known as Pellagra?

<p>Dermatitis in sun-exposed areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of dietary niacin (B3)?

<p>Whole grains, milk, and meat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is specifically linked to riboflavin (B2) deficiency?

<p>Scaly lips and corners of the mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme activities that depend on riboflavin (B2) primarily involve which of the following processes?

<p>Oxidation and reduction reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of a folic acid deficiency during pregnancy?

<p>Neural tube defect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is primarily associated with neurological dysfunction and demyelination?

<p>Vitamin B12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does methotrexate affect folate metabolism?

<p>Depletes the functional folate pool (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory finding is indicative of folate deficiency?

<p>Hypersegmented neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug specifically inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase?

<p>Trimethoprim (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for developing hyperhomocysteinemia?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a likely cause of megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which condition is the folate pool quickly depleted?

<p>Pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary biochemical process impaired by thiamine (B1) deficiency?

<p>Energy metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanocobalamin (B12) is specifically linked to which condition when deficient?

<p>Pernicious anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which water-soluble vitamin is essential for one-carbon group transfer in metabolic processes?

<p>Folic acid (B9) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deficiency of which vitamin leads to the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia?

<p>Cyanocobalamin (B12) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of riboflavin (B2) in metabolic pathways?

<p>It functions as a coenzyme for dehydrogenases in oxidation-reduction reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deficiency is most directly associated with impaired collagen synthesis?

<p>Ascorbate (Vitamin C) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is the result of inadequate folate in the body?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom might be expected in a patient with biotin (B7) deficiency?

<p>Hair loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactate buildup in tissues as a result of thiamine deficiency primarily affects which organ systems?

<p>Nervous and muscular systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is specifically noted for its association with clinical symptoms such as inflammation and muscle pain?

<p>Biotin (B7) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thiamine (B1)

A water-soluble vitamin essential for energy metabolism, especially in the nervous system and muscles.

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

The coenzyme form of thiamine, required for the activity of several key enzymes involved in energy metabolism.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

An enzyme complex that plays a crucial role in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, an essential step in glucose metabolism.

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, a key step in the TCA cycle.

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Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP Shunt)

A metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and pentose sugars, crucial for nucleotide biosynthesis and other metabolic processes.

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Maple syrup urine disease

A metabolic disorder characterized by a buildup of branched-chain amino acids, leading to maple syrup-like odor in urine.

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Beriberi

A deficiency of thiamine, leading to neurological and cardiovascular symptoms.

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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A neurological disorder characterized by confusion, memory loss, and eye movement abnormalities.

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Lactate and pyruvate accumulation

A buildup of lactate and pyruvate in tissues, especially in aerobic tissues.

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Impact of PDH and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

The activity of both PDH and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is essential for energy production, especially in tissues like the nervous system and muscles.

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Thiamine Deficiency

A condition caused by lack of thiamine, often due to poor diet or excessive alcohol consumption.

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Riboflavin (B2)

A precursor for FAD and FMN, essential coenzymes involved in many vital metabolic reactions.

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Riboflavin Deficiency

A deficiency in riboflavin, often caused by poor diet or phototherapy in infants, leading to various symptoms like eye problems, mouth sores, and tongue changes.

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Niacin (B3)

A precursor for NAD and NADP, coenzymes integral to many metabolic processes, found in various foods.

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Pellagra

A serious deficiency of niacin leading to a group of symptoms including skin problems, diarrhea, and dementia.

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Pharmacological Doses of Niacin

The use of high doses of niacin to reduce cholesterol levels, specifically LDL, and increase HDL.

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What is the role of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) in metabolism?

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a precursor for Coenzyme A (CoA). CoA is essential for the transfer of acyl groups in various metabolic reactions.

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What are some key roles of Coenzyme A (CoA) in metabolism?

CoA plays a crucial role in the transfer of acyl groups, like succinyl CoA, fatty acyl CoA, and acetyl CoA. It's also a component of fatty acid synthase, essential for fatty acid synthesis.

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What is the primary role of pyridoxine (vitamin B6 ) in metabolism?

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is vital for amino acid metabolism. It acts as a coenzyme for many enzymes involved in reactions like transamination, decarboxylation, and condensation.

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What are the clinical manifestations of a pyridoxine (vitamin B6 ) deficiency?

Pyridoxine deficiency can lead to various symptoms, including peripheral neuropathy, stomatitis, glossitis, irritability, psychiatric symptoms, epileptic seizures, and sideroblastic anemia.

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What is the function of biotin (vitamin B7) in metabolism?

Biotin (vitamin B7) is a coenzyme essential for carboxylation reactions, where a carbon dioxide molecule is added to a substrate. Biotin is the prosthetic group of carboxylases.

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How can biotin deficiency occur and what are its symptoms?

Avidin in egg whites binds biotin tightly, preventing its absorption. Symptoms of biotin deficiency include dermatitis, alopecia, glossitis, loss of appetite, and nausea.

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What is the role of biotinidase in biotin metabolism?

Biotinidase is an enzyme that breaks down biocytin, a biotin-lysine conjugate. Biotinidase deficiency leads to nondietary biotin deficiency and is often included in newborn screening.

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Why is biotin important for metabolism?

Biotin is essential for carboxylase enzymes, which play crucial roles in various metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism.

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Tetrahydrofolate (FH4)

A coenzyme involved in one-carbon transfers, essential for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and amino acids. Plays a critical role in nucleotide and amino acid metabolism.

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Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, a crucial step in folate metabolism.

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Conversion of dUMP to dTMP

An important step in pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzed by the enzyme thymidylate synthase. FH4 is essential for this reaction.

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Folate Deficiency

A deficiency of folate, often during pregnancy or in individuals with alcohol abuse. It can lead to megaloblastic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, neural tube defects and other complications.

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Methotrexate

A chemotherapeutic drug that inhibits DHFR, effectively depleting the pool of active folate (FH4). It is used in the treatment of cancer as well as autoimmune diseases.

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Trimethoprim

A drug used to treat bacterial infections. It selectively inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, interfering with bacterial folate metabolism.

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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

A vitamin essential for the formation of myelin, a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers. It is also involved in DNA synthesis and the metabolism of homocysteine.

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Intrinsic Factor

A protein produced in the stomach that combines with vitamin B12 to facilitate its absorption in the small intestine. Deficiency of this factor leads to malabsorption of B12.

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Homocystinuria

A rare genetic disorder characterized by an inability to break down the amino acid homocysteine, resulting in its buildup in the blood. This leads to various problems, including vascular issues, neurological complications, and developmental delays.

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Cholestasis

A condition where the bile duct is blocked, preventing bile from flowing normally to the small intestine. This can cause jaundice, itching, and digestive problems. Often associated with gallstones or other obstructions.

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Vitamin B12 Deficiency

A deficiency of vitamin B12, essential for normal red blood cell production and nerve function. It can lead to megaloblastic anemia, neurological damage, and fatigue.

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Glossitis

A condition where the tongue is inflamed and red, often accompanied by fissures or cracks. This can be a symptom of various deficiencies, including vitamin B deficiencies.

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Cheilosis

Inflammation and cracking of the corners of the mouth, often associated with riboflavin deficiency.

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Megaloblastic Anemia

A type of anemia characterized by abnormally large red blood cells often associated with folate deficiency.

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Hyperhomocysteinemia

A condition characterized by abnormally high levels of homocysteine in the blood, often associated with folate deficiency or genetic disorders.

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Why is Vit C important for collagen synthesis?

Vitamin C is essential for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in procollagen, forming stable collagen. Collagen is a major protein of connective tissues, giving strength and structure to skin, bones, tendons, and blood vessels.

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How does Vitamin C aid in carnitine synthesis?

Vitamin C is crucial for the synthesis of carnitine, a molecule essential for transporting fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. This process requires two iron-containing enzymes that rely on vitamin C.

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How does Vitamin C influence dopamine synthesis?

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is synthesized from tyrosine using a copper-containing enzyme called dopamine β-hydroxylase. This enzyme requires vitamin C for its activity.

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How does Vitamin C affect bile acid synthesis?

Bile acid synthesis, essential for fat digestion, is regulated by the enzyme 7 α-hydroxylase. Vitamin C is required for the activity of this enzyme, highlighting its role in lipid metabolism.

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What clinical manifestations are seen in scurvy?

Scurvy, a disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency, affects connective tissues due to impaired collagen synthesis. Symptoms include weakened blood vessels, leading to bleeding gums and bruising, as well as impaired wound healing and bone formation.

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What are other benefits of Vitamin C?

Besides its role in collagen synthesis, Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. This antioxidant property contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases like heart disease and some cancers.

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What Vitamin deficiency is most likely associated with pain, bone deformities, bruises, and gum bleeding?

A patient presenting with pain, bowing of the legs, depressed sternum, multiple bruises, and gingival hemorrhages is likely suffering from Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy). These symptoms are due to compromised connective tissues.

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Why is Vitamin C deficiency more likely than Vitamin D deficiency in this scenario?

Vitamin C deficiency is the most probable cause in this case due to the presence of hemorrhages. While Vitamin D deficiency can also cause skeletal abnormalities, it does not lead to the bleeding seen in this patient.

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What causes Beriberi?

A deficiency of thiamine, often caused by inadequate intake or impaired absorption, leading to neurological and cardiovascular problems.

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What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

A complex neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency and alcohol toxicity, leading to cognitive impairments, confusion, and memory loss.

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What are the consequences of Riboflavin deficiency?

Riboflavin deficiency, often caused by a poor diet or phototherapy in infants, can lead to symptoms like eye problems, mouth sores, and a distinctive tongue color.

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What is Pellagra?

Niacin deficiency, known as Pellagra, results from inadequate intake of niacin-rich foods and leads to characteristic symptoms like skin problems,diarrhea, and dementia.

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How does niacin affect cholesterol levels?

Pharmacological doses of niacin can effectively reduce cholesterol levels by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL, acting on lipid metabolism and VLDL synthesis.

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What is the role of Coenzyme A (CoA) in metabolism?

Coenzyme used in many metabolic reactions, essential for the transfer of acyl groups, it plays a part in energy production and fatty acid synthesis.

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What is the role of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in metabolism?

Acts as a coenzyme for various enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, crucial for transamination, decarboxylation, and condensation reactions.

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Pyridoxine (B6) Deficiency

Deficiency of vitamin B6, causing various symptoms including peripheral neuropathy, stomatitis, glossitis, irritability, psychiatric symptoms, epileptic seizures, and sideroblastic anemia.

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Vitamin C

A water-soluble antioxidant that plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, wound healing, and iron absorption. It also acts as a scavenger of free radicals.

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Scurvy

A disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency, resulting in impaired collagen synthesis. It affects connective tissues, leading to weakened blood vessels, bleeding gums, bruising, and impaired wound healing.

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What is Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)?

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is the coenzyme form of thiamine, essential for the activity of several enzymes involved in energy metabolism.

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What is Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)?

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a key step in glucose metabolism.

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What is α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, found in the TCA cycle, catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate, a key step in energy generation.

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What is transketolase?

Transketolase is an enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt), which generates NADPH and pentose sugars essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and other metabolic processes.

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What is Beriberi?

Beriberi is a disease caused by thiamine deficiency, characterized by neurological problems like weakness and amnesia.

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What is Riboflavin (B2)?

Riboflavin (B2) is a precursor for FAD and FMN, essential coenzymes involved in many vital metabolic reactions.

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What is Niacin (B3)?

Niacin (B3) is a precursor for NAD and NADP, coenzymes crucial for various metabolic processes involved in energy production and redox reactions.

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What is Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)?

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a precursor for Coenzyme A (CoA), a vital molecule involved in many metabolic reactions, including fatty acid metabolism and the TCA cycle.

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What is Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)?

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is vital for amino acid metabolism, acting as a coenzyme for many enzymes involved in reactions like transamination, decarboxylation, and condensation.

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Why is vitamin C crucial for collagen synthesis?

Vitamin C is essential for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in procollagen, a key step in forming stable collagen. Collagen is a major component of connective tissues, like skin, bones, tendons, and blood vessels, providing strength and structure.

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How does vitamin C contribute to carnitine synthesis?

Vitamin C plays a vital role in the synthesis of carnitine, a molecule that transports fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. The process involves two iron-containing enzymes that rely on vitamin C for their activity.

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What role does vitamin C play in dopamine synthesis?

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is synthesized from tyrosine using dopamine β-hydroxylase, a copper-containing enzyme. Vitamin C is essential for this enzyme's activity, highlighting its role in neurotransmitter synthesis.

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How does vitamin C impact bile acid synthesis?

Bile acid synthesis, crucial for fat digestion, is regulated by the enzyme 7 α-hydroxylase. Vitamin C is required for the activity of this enzyme, demonstrating its involvement in lipid metabolism.

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What are the key symptoms of scurvy?

Scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency, affects connective tissues due to impaired collagen synthesis. This leads to symptoms like weakened blood vessels, resulting in bleeding gums, easy bruising, and impaired wound healing.

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What are other benefits of vitamin C beyond collagen synthesis?

Besides its role in collagen synthesis, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. This antioxidant property helps in preventing chronic diseases like heart disease and some cancers.

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What vitamin deficiency is most likely in a patient with pain, bone deformities, bruises, and gum bleeding?

A 14-month-old with pain, bowing legs, depressed sternum, bruises, and bleeding gums is most likely suffering from scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency. These symptoms are due to compromised connective tissues.

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Why is vitamin C deficiency more likely than vitamin D in this scenario?

While Vitamin D deficiency can also cause skeletal abnormalities, vitamin C deficiency is more likely in this case due to the presence of hemorrhages. These bleeding episodes, like hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints), make movement very painful.

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Study Notes

Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • Water-soluble vitamins are vitamins that are soluble in water.
  • These vitamins include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), cyanocobalamin (B12), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
  • Their functions include acting as coenzymes in various metabolic reactions.
  • Deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to various disorders.
  • Sources vary by Vitamin.

Thiamine (B1)

  • Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is the active form of thiamine.
  • TPP is a coenzyme for enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
  • Important in energy metabolism, particularly for the nervous system and muscles.
  • Deficiency can cause weakness, amnesia, and/or neurological problems, Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and possibly dilated cardiomyopathy.
  • Lactate and pyruvate build-up in tissues due to a deficiency.

Riboflavin (B2)

  • Riboflavin is a precursor for FAD and FMN.
  • It is a coenzyme for several dehydrogenases involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.
  • Deficiency may result from poor diet or phototherapy (in infants).
  • Deficiency signs include corneal neovascularization, cheilosis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), sore throat, skin inflammation, and a magenta-colored tongue.

Niacin (B3)

  • Niacin is a precursor for NAD and NADP.
  • NAD and NADP are coenzymes for many dehydrogenases.
  • Important in metabolism.
  • Deficiency results in Pellagra (symptoms include diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and possibly death if untreated).
  • Dietary sources include whole grains, milk, and meat.
  • Niacin deficiency can result from a diet lacking niacin, or due to malnutrition, especially a maize-based diet.

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

  • Pantothenic acid is a building block for coenzyme A (CoA).
  • CoA is involved in the transfer of acyl groups in various metabolic pathways.
  • Deficiency is rare.

Pyridoxine (B6)

  • Pyridoxine is involved in amino acid metabolism.
  • The active form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), is a coenzyme for many enzymes.
  • Deficiencies are often seen in alcoholics.
  • Symptoms include peripheral neuropathy, stomatitis, glossitis, irritability, psychiatric symptoms,possibly epileptic seizures.
  • Sideroblastic anemia is a possible consequence of vitamin B6 deficiency.
  • Isoniazid treatment can impact B6 absorption.

Biotin (B7)

  • Biotin is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions.
  • It is a prosthetic group of enzymes like pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
  • Deficiency symptoms can occur if egg white (avidin) is consumed too much.
  • Symptoms can include dermatitis, alopecia, glossitis, loss of appetite, nausea.
  • Biotinidase deficiency is another cause of biotin deficiency.

Folic Acid (B9)

  • Folic acid is tetrahydrofolate, a coenzyme in one-carbon transfer reactions.
  • Essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, and amino acid metabolism.
  • Deficiency typically occurs in alcoholics or pregnant women.
  • Symptoms include megaloblastic anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), hypersegmented neutrophils, hyperhomocysteinemia, possible neural tube defects, and/or risk of thrombosis.
  • Deficiency can occur quickly during pregnancy due to high needs.

Vitamin B12

  • Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor for absorption.
  • Pernicious anemia is a cause of B12 deficiency.
  • Deficiency symptoms include neurological dysfunction, neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms, and megaloblastic anemia.
  • It can cause hyperhomocysteinemia.

Vitamin C

  • Ascorbic acid is involved in redox reactions, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption.
  • Deficiency results in scurvy.
  • Symptoms include dry mouth and eyes, decaying gums, loosening teeth, delayed wound healing, ecchymosis (bruising), petechiae (tiny red spots), weakness, lethargy, defective connective tissue, and potential bleeding into joints (hemarthrosis).
  • Vitamin C is needed for wound healing, and the hydroxylation reaction of collagen for normal connective tissue.
  • Consumption of foods rich in antioxidants is connected to lower rates of chronic diseases.

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Water-Soluble Vitamins PDF

Description

This quiz explores the neurological manifestations and health effects associated with various vitamin deficiencies, including thiamine, niacin, and biotin. Test your knowledge on symptoms, treatment, and the biochemical roles of essential vitamins in the body.

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