Pathway 14-9 Pulp reaction to Bleaching, Ortho, Perio, Occlusal Trauma, Surgery
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of hydroxyl radicals in vital bleaching techniques?

  • They facilitate the whitening process. (correct)
  • They decrease bleaching effectiveness.
  • They stabilize the dental pulp.
  • They cause pulp irritation.
  • Which bleaching agent concentration is associated with no changes in pulp vitality according to clinical reports?

  • 10% carbamide peroxide (correct)
  • 5% hydrogen peroxide
  • 16% carbamide peroxide
  • 38% hydrogen peroxide
  • What complication can arise from the use of light activation in bleaching techniques?

  • Permanent discoloration of teeth
  • Increased pulp tissue temperature (correct)
  • Decrease in neuropeptides in the pulp
  • Restorative deficiencies in preoperative treatment
  • What type of response was observed histologically in the pulp following bleaching procedures?

    <p>Minor inflammatory changes that are reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can postoperative symptoms following bleaching procedures be addressed?

    <p>By treating teeth with fluorides and correcting deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the transient effects on dental pulp tissue during orthodontic force application?

    <p>Circulatory changes due to applied force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory mediators are noted to have only minor increases in the dental pulp during orthodontic movement?

    <p>IL-1a and TNF-a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is suggested to significantly increase pulp necrosis during orthodontic treatment?

    <p>Previous trauma to the tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical technique is modified to minimize disruption to the descending palatine artery during a Le Fort I osteotomy?

    <p>Horseshoe palatal osteotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the magnitude of pulp response vary in relation to occlusal loading?

    <p>It is dictated by the degree and chronicity of dentinal deformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential source of pulp pain related to cusp flexure during occlusal loading?

    <p>Development of bacterial microleakage at the restoration interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding blood supply to teeth undergoing maxillary osteotomies, which is NOT CORRECT?

    <p>Disruption only occurs if segmental osteotomy is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found to be effective in reducing postoperative sensitivity after light-activated bleaching?

    <p>A desensitizing gel of 5% nitrate potassium/2% sodium fluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly observed pulp condition related to periodontal disease?

    <p>Mild inflammatory effect but often does not cause pulpitis or necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of teeth in a study exhibited mild chronic inflammatory changes related to pulp due to periodontal disease?

    <p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was concluded about the relationship between prosthodontic treatment and pulp complications in periodontitis patients?

    <p>It is associated with more frequent pulp involvement than periodontal disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is primarily affected by orthodontic forces, leading to pulp changes?

    <p>Hemodynamic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if orthodontic forces are extreme during treatment?

    <p>Circulatory interruptions leading to pulp necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies indicate about the flow of dentinal fluid in vital pulp situations?

    <p>It provides resistance against bacterial ingress in sufficient amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vital Bleaching

    • Vital bleaching techniques use strong oxidizing agents like 10% carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide to bleach the enamel of teeth with vital pulp.
    • Concerns exist regarding potential pulp irritation due to prolonged contact with the chemicals, especially in teeth with open tubules or cracks.
    • Minor reversible inflammatory changes in the pulp were observed after 2 weeks of bleaching, according to histologic and histochemical analysis.
    • Gingival irritation was found with 16% carbamide peroxide but no changes in pulp vitality or symptoms were observed.
    • Postoperative symptoms are generally reversible and can be prevented by fluoride treatment and correcting restorative deficiencies before bleaching.
    • Increased neuropeptides, such as SP, in the pulp are likely responsible for clinical symptoms.
    • Vital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide in a custom tray for 6 weeks was deemed safe for pulp health for up to 10 years postoperatively, though bleaching effectiveness may decline over time.
    • A clinical study found no histologic effects on the dental pulp at 2 to 15 days after bleaching with 38% H2O2 gel with or without a halogen light source.
    • When the same treatment was applied to incisors for 45 minutes, areas of coagulation necrosis were observed in the pulp.

    Light-activated Bleaching

    • Light activation of bleaching agents is widely used to speed up the process.
    • Light sources, like halogen light or diode lasers, accelerate the release of hydroxyl radicals, facilitating the whitening process.
    • Light activation has been associated with higher incidence of tooth sensitivity compared to non-light activated bleaching.
    • Pretreatment with a desensitizing gel containing 5% potassium nitrate and 2% sodium fluoride has proven effective in reducing postoperative sensitivity after light-activated bleaching.

    Pulp Reactions to Periodontal Procedures

    • The pulp is typically protected from microbial irritation in the oral cavity.
    • Periodontal disease exposes the root surface, leading to attachment loss and potential pulp inflammation in severe cases.
    • Some reports describe bacterial infiltration through dentinal tubules of exposed root surfaces causing mild inflammatory changes in the pulp.
    • Pulp necrosis is more commonly associated with periodontal disease than the other way around.
    • Microbial irritants are more likely to move outward from a necrotic pulp causing periodontal breakdown than inward from a periodontal pocket.
    • Periodontal scaling and root planning can expose dentin, often resulting in dentin hypersensitivity.
    • An older study in primates found mild inflammatory changes in the pulp in 29% of teeth with periodontal disease, and one tooth out of 40 developed pulp necrosis.
    • Scaling was associated with similar inflammatory changes but no pulp necrosis.
    • A clinical study showed a higher chance of pulp complications in teeth that were bridge abutments compared to non-abutment teeth, suggesting a connection between prosthodontic treatment and pulp involvement.
    • Two comprehensive reviews concluded that while periodontal disease and its treatment have the potential to cause pulp pathosis, this is a rare occurrence.

    Mechanical Irritants: Orthodontic Movement

    • Orthodontic forces can cause hemodynamic changes in the pulp, increasing blood flow in both the moving tooth and adjacent teeth.
    • Extreme orthodontic forces can lead to circulatory interruptions and pulp necrosis.
    • Orthodontic movement can also cause metabolic and inflammatory changes in the pulp, including decreased tissue respiration rate, increased apoptosis and necrosis of pulp cells.
    • While inflammatory mediators like IL-1a and TNF-a increase during orthodontic movement, their levels are lower in the pulp compared to periodontal tissues.
    • Most of these effects are transient, but pulp necrosis is more common in traumatized teeth undergoing orthodontic treatment, especially in lateral incisors with pulp canal obliteration.
    • Increased SP and CGRP levels in the dental pulp are associated with occlusal trauma and orthodontic forces, respectively.
    • Orthodontic treatment is a potential etiological factor for cervical invasive root resorption (CIRR).

    Pulp Reactions to Orthodontic Surgery

    • Osteotomies in the maxilla or mandible can disrupt blood supply to nearby teeth, leading to inflammation or necrosis.
    • Postoperative manifestations, such as pulp canal obliteration, are occasionally observed.
    • Maintaining a safe distance of 5-10 mm between the surgery site and teeth minimizes disruption.
    • Laser Doppler flowmetry has shown a reduction in pulp blood flow (PBF) immediately after maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy, particularly with segmental osteotomy.
    • Blood flow usually recovers within months of surgery.
    • A modified Le Fort I technique that spares the descending palatine artery appears to minimize PBF disruption in the anterior teeth.
    • A recent systematic review concluded that there is a decrease in pulpal vascularity and neurosensory response in the early postoperative period (1 to 10 days) following a Le Fort I osteotomy, but this effect is likely temporary.

    Biomechanical Irritation: Parafunctional Habits

    • Occlusal loading can cause tooth deformation, especially in dentin.
    • Defects in enamel can lead to cusp flexure, which can trigger pulp responses due to dentinal fluid flow and microleakage.
    • The degree of pulp response depends on the severity and duration of dentin deformation.
    • Preparation geometry, width of the occlusal isthmus, and ablation of marginal ridges can influence cusp flexure.
    • Polymerization shrinkage of certain resin composites can induce inward deflection of cusps, placing stress on tooth structure.
    • Two main sources of pulp pain from cusp flexure are:
      • Dentin deformation leading to dentinal fluid flow, activating nerve endings in the odontoblast layer.
      • Bacterial microleakage at the restoration/dentin interface due to repeated cycles of occlusal loading.
    • These factors can work together to create inflammation, leading to thermal and biting sensitivity.
    • Chronic occlusal trauma can induce acute periradicular periodontitis, mobility, and radiographic changes.
    • Increased SP levels in the dental pulp are observed after experimentally induced occlusal trauma.
    • SP can disrupt the pain response and stimulate prostaglandin E2 production.
    • Dentinal cracks expose tubules, allowing bacterial access to the subjacent pulp.
    • Dentinal fluid flow and subsequent coagulation can form a temporary protective barrier for the pulp.
    • Dentinal sclerosis and tertiary dentin formation provide long-term protection.
    • Cracks can harbor bacterial biofilms, contributing to pulp irritation and inflammation, and potentially inducing periodontal pocket formation.

    Pulp Reactions to Implant Placement and Function

    • Preoperative radiographic techniques are necessary for accurate implant placement to avoid damage to neighboring structures.
    • Implant placement may inadvertently perforate the root and devitalize the pulp if the three-dimensional anatomy is not carefully considered.
    • It is generally recommended to avoid placing implants directly at the site of periradicular lesions.
    • Immediate implant placement in adequately debrided sites with appropriate antimicrobial measures may be successful.
    • Case reports suggest that teeth with periradicular lesions could reduce the success of neighboring implants even after endodontic treatment.
    • A study in dogs found that treated or untreated periradicular lesions did not affect the long-term osseointegration of implants.
    • Clinical cases with complete resolution of periapical lesions involving implants have been reported after adequate endodontic treatment.

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