Visual Technologies - Light Behavior and Scattering
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Questions and Answers

What effect does ambient occlusion create in 3D rendering?

  • It eliminates shadows completely.
  • It brightens all surfaces equally.
  • It uniformly lightens the entire scene.
  • It darkens surfaces that are adjacent to each other. (correct)

    • Which lighting technique is used to create a silhouette effect?

  • Back lighting (correct)
  • Top lighting
  • Side lighting
  • Front lighting

    • What does the term 'form shadow' refer to?

  • Shaded areas on an object where light cannot reach. (correct)
  • Reflected light that creates an outline.
  • The brightest area of an illuminated object.
  • Shadows that are cast onto a surface.

    • In photography, what is the purpose of adjusting the aperture?

    <p>To manage the depth of field and light entering the camera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color model is utilized for printing purposes?

    <p>CMYK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of using leading lines in composition?

    <p>To direct the viewer’s eye to key elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is color temperature evaluated in photography?

    <p>By assessing the brightness of white objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Frensel Effect?

    <p>A strong reflection at glancing angles on smooth surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for managing exposure in photography?

    <p>The combination of aperture, ISO, and shutter speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'negative space' in composition refer to?

    <p>The area surrounding the subject that lacks detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to PNG image files compared to JPEG files?

    <p>Allows for transparency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a codec in the context of video encoding?

    <p>Software that compresses video for storage and playback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pipelines for film production, which step should be conducted first?

    <p>Create a breakdown of assets, sequences, shots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which video encoding method describes the technique of comparing one frame to a reference frame?

    <p>Interframe prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using lossless compression over lossy compression?

    <p>Complete restoration of original information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following video containers is known for its wide compatibility across platforms?

    <p>MP4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes interlaced video from progressive video?

    <p>Progressive scans frames sequentially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bit rate' refer to in video encoding?

    <p>The amount of data processed per second during playback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about LUTs is true?

    <p>LUTs provide predefined adjustments to color information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which image format allows for animation and uses lossless compression?

    <p>GIF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a stop in exposure refer to?

    <p>A twofold increase or decrease in light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the equivalent focal length related to crop factor calculated?

    <p>By multiplying the crop factor by the focal length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of a prime lens?

    <p>Fixed focal length that does not allow zooming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of camera movement involves tilting the camera vertically?

    <p>Tilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shot captures the entire scene playing out without cutting?

    <p>Master shot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a 'full-frame sensor'?

    <p>A sensor that covers the full area of the image circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of resolution, how is pixel density typically expressed?

    <p>In dots per inch (dpi)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of lossless compression?

    <p>Data can be recovered without any loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aperture setting allows twice the amount of light compared to f/2?

    <p>f/1.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a fisheye lens?

    <p>Has a focal length of 8mm to 16mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Visual Technologies - Light Behavior

    • Sunlight creates white light, emitting from a small source, producing sharp-edged shadows.
    • Skylight, from a large light source, produces soft shadows, with blue color casts.
    • Bounced light is reflected light, often blue due to the reflection off surfaces.
    • The terminator is the darkest area on an object, between main light and fill light, affecting contrast.
    • Visible light is composed of photons with varying wavelengths, shorter wavelengths resulting in blue hues, and longer wavelengths leading to red hues.
    • White light is a spectrum of colors.

    Visual Technologies - Diffuse Scattering

    • When light travels through the atmosphere, shorter wavelengths scatter in various directions.

    Visual Technologies - Radiance/Bounce Light

    • Light hitting a surface is either bounced or absorbed, depending on the surface's color.
    • White objects reflect all wavelengths equally, while black objects absorb them.
    • Bounce light is visible when significant light is present.

    Visual Technologies - White Balance

    • Color temperature at which white objects appear white.
    • The best method to test this is to set a digital camera's white balance to daylight.

    Visual Technologies - Three-Point Lighting

    • Uses a key light and fill light, with a back light to separate the object from the background.
    • Front light makes the object look flat.
    • Side light reveals object texture and depth.
    • Back light creates a silhouette.
    • Top light creates a mysterious, dramatic effect.

    Visual Technologies - Bottom Lighting

    • Bottom lighting is used to create dramatic effects with an unusual appearance, like when used with a campfire or flashlight.

    Visual Technologies - Shadow Types

    • Form shadow: areas where light cannot reach.
    • Cast shadow: shadows cast by an object.
    • Secondary light: fill shadows with secondary or reflected light.
    • Colors in shadows aren't necessarily black and often contain light and color.
    • Form shadows create depth and reveal texture.

    Visual Technologies - Ambient Occlusion

    • In 3D software, ambient occlusion adds realism by darkening areas where surfaces meet.
    • Shadows around surfaces create a sense of depth, as objects get closer to each other.
    • Light size and proximity: smaller sources lead to crisp, hard-edged shadows; larger sources result in softer shadows.

    Visual Technologies - Reaction to Light (Real)

    • Specular and Diffuse materials vary in their reflectivity.
    • Non-diffuse materials may still diffuse light due to surface roughness.
    • Sharp specular diffusion occurs when materials have limited reflectivity.

    Visual Technologies - Frensel Effect

    • Reflections become stronger with increasing angles relative to the surface normal.
    • Smooth surfaces often reflect near 100% of incident light specularly at maximum angles.

    Visual Technologies - Refraction

    • Refraction bends light as it passes through transparent or translucent materials.
    • Transparent materials let virtually all light pass through, while opaque materials do not transmit light.

    Visual Technologies - Color

    • Color spectrum describes the wavelengths reflected and absorbed by a surface.
    • Color properties include hue, saturation, and intensity.
    • Gamut is the range of colors available on a specific display or output medium (e.g. RGB).

    Visual Technologies - Systems & Harmony

    • RGB color system: combining colors produces white, and removing all colors creates black.

    Visual Technologies - Color Theory

    • Monochromatic: colors of a single hue.
    • Complementary: colors opposite each other on the color wheel.
    • Analogous: colors adjacent to each other.
    • Triadic: three colors evenly spaced.
    • Discordance: deviation from balanced color schemes.
    • CMYK system: for print, works by reflecting light.

    Visual Technologies - Compositional Techniques

    • Rule of thirds: strategically placing key elements off-center.
    • Golden triangle: lines create a balanced composition.
    • Golden ratio: balanced composition ratio of 1.618.
    • Leading lines: lines that direct the viewer's eye in an image.
    • Framing within frame: using visual elements to frame the subject.
    • Angles: point-of-view can have a dramatic effect on the composition.

    Visual Technologies - Compositional Elements

    • Parallel angles: parallel to the ground.
    • Perpendicular angles: intersecting the ground.
    • Diagonal angles: between 0-90 degrees from ground for perspective.
    • Texture: explores tactile aspects (rough, smooth).
    • Patterns: pattern-seeking nature of humans affects how we compose and see images.
    • Repetition: uniform or chaotic repetitions/patterns are noticeable.

    Visual Technologies - Spatial Elements

    • Space: how space is used in the artwork including positive and negative space.
    • Positive space: areas of interest.
    • Negative space: surrounding areas/empty space.
    • Fill the frame: the use of space to fill the frame.
    • Depth: creates layers in a picture using foreground, middle ground and background.
    • Deep space composition: different planes/layers are represented, in focus.

    Visual Technologies - Balance

    • Symmetrical balance: visual elements are equal on both sides.
    • Asymmetrical balance: unequal weights create a compelling contrast.
    • Radial balance: elements arranged around a central point.

    Visual Technologies - Contrast

    • Contrast in subjects: using contrasting elements.
    • Contrast in lighting: using light and shadow for depth and dimension.
    • Contrast in color: using complementary colors for effect.

    Visual Technologies - Tone

    • Tone: focuses on the relationship between light and dark; and the feeling it evokes.
    • Global tone: consistent tone throughout the image.
    • Local tone: focused contrast within a particular portion of the image.

    Visual Technologies - Exposure and Depth of Field

    • Exposure: adjusting light entering the camera, affected by aperture and shutter speed.
    • Aperture: lens opening size which controls light entering.
    • Depth of field: range of sharpness in a picture.
    • Shallow depth of field: foreground and background are out of focus, while the middle ground is sharp
    • Deeper depth of field: foreground, middle ground, and background are all in focus.
    • ISO: sensor sensitivity to light, higher sensitivity creates more noise/grain.
    • Image noise: grain or digital artifacts in images from increased ISO.
    • Avoiding noise: keeping ISO low for less noise.

    Visual Technologies - Shutter Speed

    • Shutter speed: length of time the camera sensor is exposed.
    • Motion blur: caused by slow shutter speed (i.e., action appears blurred). Fast shutter speeds freeze motion.
    • 180-degree shutter rule: shutter speed twice frame rate is cinematic.

    Visual Technologies - Correct Exposure

    • Overexposure and Underexposure: too much or too little light.
    • Method 1: adjusting shutter speed, aperture (f/stop) and matching ISO to native camera settings .
    • Method 3: using Bracketing by shooting the same image multiple times with different camera settings resulting in different exposures.

    Visual Technologies - Calculating Stops

    • Stops are based on correlation between image parameters.
    • Exposure, aperture, shutter speed, and ISO.
    • Calculating stops compensates changes in these parameters.

    Visual Technologies - Camera History and Types

    • Kodak 1880: first accessible camera.
    • War 1930: life photography, rather than posed.
    • Polaroid 1960: instant film.
    • Compact camera 1970: image control.
    • Digital age 1990: electronically stored images.
    • Focal length: distance from lens to image sensor, describing angle of view and magnification.
    • Image sensor size: impacts image quality and requirements for a full-frame sensor.
    • Lens types (prime, zoom): fixed vs. variable focal lengths.
    • Shots (establishing, master, wide, medium, close-up, extreme close-up)

    Visual Technologies - Camera Framing and Movement

    • Camera framing: single, two, three, multi-character shots, over-the-shoulder, point-of-view, object shots.
    • Camera movement: panning, tilting, zooming, dolly (slow movement), pedestal, crane, steadicam, handheld.

    Visual Technologies - Resolution

    • Resolution: pixel count or megapixels to describe the number and size of pixels in your image.

    Visual Technologies - Color and Image Formats (2)

    • Bit depth: color depth expressed in bits/channel and bits/pixel; 1 bit is binary (2 states), and increasing bit numbers increases the range of colors you have.
    • Compression: reducing file size; lossy removes information from original file and lossless compresses the information without losing any.
    • Image formats: JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF image qualities, and characteristics.

    Visual Technologies - Visual Encoding and Video

    • Video encoding: methods for optimizing video files for various devices and platforms.
    • Codec: compresses video files for storage and playback.
    • Container: holds video, audio, metadata (e.g., MP4, AVI).
    • Interframe prediction: comparing frames to determine what pixels are displayed.
    • Frame rate (progressive and interlaced): frame refresh rate per second (usually frames per second)

    Visual Technologies - Color Spaces and LUTS

    • Color spaces: define how colors are represented.
    • LUTs: color correction curves to achieve specific color looks and settings.
    • Image pipeline: entire process for creating images that uses color grading.

    Visual Technologies - Kickoff (Production Workflow)

    • Kickoff: process for starting projects, including tasks, statuses, and folder structure.

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    Visual Technologies (PDF)

    Description

    Explore the behaviors of light including how sunlight, skylight, and bounced light affect shadows and color perception. Understand concepts like diffuse scattering and the radiance of colors, and learn how different surfaces interact with light. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of lighting in visual technologies.

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