30 Questions
According to Hebb’s postulate, what strengthens the synaptic connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic neuron?
Coordinated electrical activity
What is the time when experience and neural activity have maximal effect on the acquisition or skilled execution of a particular behavior known as?
Critical period
What is the phenomenon where behaviors not initially present in newborns emerge and are shaped by experience throughout early life known as?
Experience-dependent plasticity
What does visual deprivation affect in terms of ocular dominance?
Ocular dominance
What are the phenomena in brain development related to the initial absence of certain behaviors in newborns and their emergence and shaping by experience throughout early life?
Experience-dependent plasticity
What is the superior capacity for acquiring complex skills and cognitive abilities during early life known as?
Experience-dependent plasticity
During which phase does post-natal growth of dendrites, axons, and synapses occur?
Construction phase
What is the time when experience and the neural activity have maximal effect on the acquisition or skilled execution of a particular behavior known as in the context of hatchling birds?
Critical period
What is the term for the phenomenon where certain specific experiences during a sharply restricted time have a maximal effect on the acquisition or skilled execution of a behavior?
Critical period
What does Hebb’s postulate state strengthens the synaptic connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic neuron?
Coordinated electrical activity
What did Hubel and Wiesel's experiments in the late 1950s focus on?
Binocular competition in cortical neurons
What prevents binocular convergence and alters activity patterns in the primary visual cortex?
Ocular asynchrony
What results from cutting an extraocular muscle in one eye during the critical period?
Strabismus
What is the significance of early language exposure according to the text?
Shaping language behavior and the critical period for language learning
What does the text suggest about the effects of cataracts on visual acuity in children?
Irreversible damage if left untreated
What alters visual cortex connectivity according to the text?
Correlated patterns of activity stabilizing synaptic connections
What is the parallel to critical periods in humans according to the text?
Synapse addition and elimination in the rhesus monkey cortex
What has implications for neural circuitry in children and adults with ADHD?
Altered gray matter volume
What does the difficulty or impossibility of reversing alterations in visual function relate to?
The end of the critical period
What is manipulated to alter correlations between the two eyes in postnatal cortical connections?
Competition
What establishes rudimentary patterns of connectivity in the visual pathway before eye opening?
Retinal waves
How are ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex formed?
Through competitive interaction between the two eyes
What is the consequence of visual deprivation in early life?
Alters the distribution of ocular dominance in the visual cortex
What is the result of visual deprivation in early life according to the text?
Permanent amblyopia or 'cortical blindness'
When does visual experience determine the wiring of the visual cortex with respect to eye dominance?
Between the kitten's eyes opening and 1 year of age
What can profoundly alter the ocular dominance profile during the critical period?
Short periods of eye closure
What do monkeys show at birth, reflecting functional segregation of inputs from the two eyes?
A pattern of ocular dominance columns
What happens to animals deprived of vision in one eye from birth?
Develop abnormal patterns of ocular dominance stripes in the primary visual cortex
What does monocular deprivation alter in the visual cortex?
The arborizations of LGN axons
What can reactivate cortical synaptic plasticity and improve visual function in adult rats?
Dark exposure and repeated training
Study Notes
Visual Development and Amblyopia
- Newborn predators need to be trained to distinguish sounds for appropriate things.
- Retinal waves before birth and eye opening establish rudimentary patterns of connectivity in the visual pathway.
- Ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex are formed through competitive interaction between the two eyes.
- Visual deprivation alters the distribution of ocular dominance in the visual cortex.
- Visual deprivation in early life leads to permanent amblyopia or "cortical blindness."
- Visual experience determines the wiring of the visual cortex with respect to eye dominance between the kitten's eyes opening and 1 year of age.
- Short periods of eye closure during the critical period can profoundly alter the ocular dominance profile.
- Monkeys show a pattern of ocular dominance columns at birth, reflecting functional segregation of inputs from the two eyes.
- Animals deprived of vision in one eye from birth develop abnormal patterns of ocular dominance stripes in the primary visual cortex.
- Monocular deprivation alters the arborizations of LGN axons in the visual cortex.
- Early diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia are crucial as abnormal ocular competition early in life leads to permanent visual impairment.
- Dark exposure and repeated training can reactivate cortical synaptic plasticity and improve visual function in adult rats.
Test your knowledge of visual development and amblyopia with this quiz. Explore topics such as retinal waves, ocular dominance, visual deprivation, and the impact of early diagnosis and treatment on visual impairment.
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